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The full corpus of Benoît Frydman's publications: books, book chapters, journal and press articles, reports and forewords. Search titles, summaries and keywords, filter by theme, decade, type or language, sort the list, and expand any entry to see all of its detail without leaving the page.
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L'état de droit est un combatThe Rule of Law is a StruggleBenoit Frydman · La TribuneMagazine / Press Article2026FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this interview, legal philosopher Benoit Frydman discusses the contemporary threats to the rule of law in Belgium and the essential role of lawyers in its defense. He identifies three critical dangers: the government's systematic non-compliance with judicial decisions and international injunctions, the State's problematic approach to algorithmic governance without regard for constitutional protections and citizens' rights, and the lack of sufficient political will among leaders to defend the principles of the rule of law against right-wing extremism, political Islamism, and rising antisemitism. Benoit Frydman emphasizes that the rule of law requires constant vigilance and a commitment to the democratic values of the Enlightenment from legal professionals and civil society.
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« L'état de droit est un combat », La Tribune, Avocats.be, 2026.
@article{frydman_nd_interview_monsieur_professeur_benoit, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'état de droit est un combat}, journal = {La Tribune}, publisher = {Avocats.be}, year = {2026} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'état de droit est un combat JO - La Tribune PB - Avocats.be PY - 2026 ER -
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Propos conclusifs de l'Union européenne et l'économie numériqueConcluding RemarksBenoit Frydman · L'Union européenne et l'économie numériqueBook Chapter2026FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman offers a concluding reflection on European digital regulation through the lens of global law. He analyzes the co-regulation model deployed by the European Union (DMA, DSA), which delegates to major platforms, designated as 'gatekeepers', the tasks of policing markets and content under supervision. While documenting the effectiveness of this normative strategy, he highlights the growing tensions with American technological actors and the inherent instability of global regulation in the absence of a centralized sovereign authority.
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« Propos conclusifs de l'Union européenne et l'économie numérique », in L'Union européenne et l'économie numérique, DICE Éditions, 2026.
@incollection{frydman_2026_propos_conclusifs, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Propos conclusifs de l'Union européenne et l'économie numérique}, booktitle = {L'Union européenne et l'économie numérique}, publisher = {DICE Éditions}, year = {2026}, doi = {10.4000/16iu2}, isbn = {979-10-97578-43-5} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Propos conclusifs de l'Union européenne et l'économie numérique BT - L'Union européenne et l'économie numérique PB - DICE Éditions PY - 2026 DO - 10.4000/16iu2 SN - 979-10-97578-43-5 ER -
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"Mon 7 octobre", jonathas. org., série 7 octobre #11, 15 avril 2025My October 7Benoit Frydman · n. p.Book Chapter2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman recounts his personal and institutional response to the October 7 attack and the subsequent surge of antisemitism across European capitals, academia, politics, and judicial systems. Drawing on ULB's historical mission to combat religious extremism and protect human dignity, he documents how these institutions have failed to effectively counter antisemitic manifestations and calls for invoking Article 17 of the European Convention on Human Rights to exclude those who abuse democratic rights to destroy democracy itself.
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« Mon 7 octobre », 2025.
@incollection{frydman_2025_mon_7_octobre, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {"Mon 7 octobre", jonathas. org., série 7 octobre #11, 15 avril 2025}, year = {2025} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - "Mon 7 octobre", jonathas. org., série 7 octobre #11, 15 avril 2025 PY - 2025 ER -
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Benoît Frydman : « Le choix de Rima Hassan ne doit en aucun cas être validé par la faculté de droit, ni l'ULB »Benoit Frydman: 'The choice of Rima Hassan must under no circumstances be validated by the Faculty of Law, nor by the ULB'Benoit Frydman · Le SoirMagazine / Press Article2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this press article, Benoit Frydman opposes naming the 2025 graduating class of the ULB Faculty of Law after French Member of the European Parliament Rima Hassan, arguing that this would constitute a submission to anti-Semitic political Islamism. Frydman cites Hassan's support for the Assad regime in Syria and the Algerian regime, as well as the investigations against her for the glorification of terrorism and threats of violence, notably against Imam Hassen Chalghoumi. He invokes the historical commitment of the ULB against anti-Semitism and calls on the Rector and the Academic Council to review the decision should the Faculty Council approve it.
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« Benoît Frydman : « Le choix de Rima Hassan ne doit en aucun cas être validé par la faculté de droit, ni l'ULB » », Le Soir, 2025.
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Convaincre au temps de l'IAConvincing in the Age of AIBenoit Frydman · Convaincre aujourd’hui. Évolution des pratiques de l'avocat entre construction du dossier et outils digitauxBook Chapter2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the relationship between artificial intelligence and legal argumentation by tracing the historical debate between formalist approaches (the Leibnizian dream of substituting calculation for discussion) and the conception of the Brussels School, which grounds law in argumentation and rhetoric. He analyzes how various AI systems—expert systems, neural networks, and generative AI—impact judicial reasoning, arguing that probabilistic arguments derived from AI analysis can enrich legal argumentation without replacing the adversarial process. Finally, the work addresses the pedagogical challenge of training law students in the potential and risks of AI.
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« Convaincre au temps de l'IA », in Convaincre aujourd’hui. Évolution des pratiques de l'avocat entre construction du dossier et outils digitaux, larcier-intersentia, 2025.
@incollection{frydman_2025_convaincre_au_temps_ia, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Convaincre au temps de l'IA}, booktitle = {Convaincre aujourd’hui. Évolution des pratiques de l'avocat entre construction du dossier et outils digitaux}, publisher = {larcier-intersentia}, year = {2025}, pages = {30--51} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Convaincre au temps de l'IA BT - Convaincre aujourd’hui. Évolution des pratiques de l'avocat entre construction du dossier et outils digitaux PB - larcier-intersentia PY - 2025 SP - 30 EP - 51 ER -
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Défendre : entre philosophie, devoir et combatDefending: Between Philosophy, Duty, and CombatBenoit Frydman · Bulletin du BarreauMagazine / Press Article2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this interview for the Bulletin du Barreau (March 2025), Benoit Frydman examines the lawyer's role and the notion of defense from a philosophical perspective. He traces philosophy's historical hostility toward lawyers from Platonic critique of sophists through Leibniz's dream of formal legal logic and Beccaria's judicial syllogism. Frydman emphasizes the post-World War II rehabilitation of contradictory debate through procedural philosophy and Perelman's argumentation theory, which recognize argumentative discussion as the sole legitimate means in a democratic rule of law. He then warns against contemporary dangers of artificial intelligence applied to justice, which revives the old dream of algorithmic legal calculation, and against abdication of critical judgment to technical expertise. The lawyer must remain guardian of a conception of truth and justice founded on argumentation, contradiction, and democratic deliberation, facing threats from both populism and technocratic dogmatism.
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« Défendre : entre philosophie, devoir et combat », Bulletin du Barreau, 2025.
@article{frydman_2025_untitled, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Défendre : entre philosophie, devoir et combat}, journal = {Bulletin du Barreau}, publisher = {Bulletin du Barreau}, year = {2025} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Défendre : entre philosophie, devoir et combat JO - Bulletin du Barreau PB - Bulletin du Barreau PY - 2025 ER -
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Interprétation et numérisationInterpretation and DigitalisationBenoit Frydman · Revue du Conseil constitutionnelJournal Article2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyses the historical evolution of models of legal interpretation since the French Revolution, showing an alternation between hermeneutics and formalisation, with the emergence since the 1990s of the constitutional model centred on human rights and the technique of balancing interests. The author warns, however, that the irruption of artificial intelligence into administrative and judicial decision-making marks a new shift towards a calculative logic that threatens the constitutional principles of the rule of law and calls for a thorough understanding of the underlying mathematical and computational techniques, as well as a renewed engagement with the study of formal legal logic.
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« Interprétation et numérisation », Revue du Conseil constitutionnel, 2025.
@article{frydman_2025_interpretation_numerisation, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Interprétation et numérisation}, journal = {Revue du Conseil constitutionnel}, year = {2025}, doi = {10.3917/tvii.015.0046} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Interprétation et numérisation JO - Revue du Conseil constitutionnel PY - 2025 DO - 10.3917/tvii.015.0046 ER -
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L'obligation de compliance en droit globalThe Compliance Obligation in Global LawAlice Briegleb et Benoit Frydman · L'obligation de complianceBook Chapter2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Alice Briegleb and Benoit Frydman examine compliance obligations in global law through the classical prism of the law of obligations. The authors analyze how compliance systems operate a transition from ex post (dispute resolution) to ex ante (risk management), encompassing technical standards and corporate social responsibility codes beyond classical legal sources. They demonstrate the transformation of moral obligations into binding civil obligations, and then examine how European instruments and judicial rulings require regulated actors to regulate the behavior of others within their sphere of influence.
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« L'obligation de compliance en droit global », in L'obligation de compliance, Dalloz, 2025.
@incollection{frydman_2023_obligation_compliance_droit_global, author = {Briegleb, Alice and Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'obligation de compliance en droit global}, booktitle = {L'obligation de compliance}, publisher = {Dalloz}, year = {2025} }TY - CHAP AU - Briegleb, Alice AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'obligation de compliance en droit global BT - L'obligation de compliance PB - Dalloz PY - 2025 ER -
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Les méthodes d'enseignement du droit globalTeaching Methods for Global LawBenoit Frydman · Cahiers PortalisJournal Article2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the pedagogical approaches to teaching global law by exploring the tensions between theoretical and practical, systematic and casuistic, as well as disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches. The author justifies the introduction of this curriculum by the need to train legal professionals in the realities of normativity within the context of digital globalization. He advocates for an empirical and inductive method, starting from concrete cases to progressively build a critical understanding of global regulatory mechanisms.
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« Méthodes d'enseignement du droit global », Cahiers Portalis, 2025.
@article{frydman_2025_methodes_enseignement_droit_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les méthodes d'enseignement du droit global}, journal = {Cahiers Portalis}, year = {2025}, volume = {15}, number = {2025/1}, pages = {166--176}, doi = {10.3917/capo.015.0165} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les méthodes d'enseignement du droit global JO - Cahiers Portalis PY - 2025 VL - 15 IS - 2025/1 SP - 166 EP - 176 DO - 10.3917/capo.015.0165 ER -
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Préface à La transformation écologique du droit économiquePreface to 'The Ecological Transformation of Economic Law'Benoit Frydman · n. p.Preface / Foreword2025FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This preface by Benoit Frydman outlines the strategy for a substantial reform of economic law aimed at integrating the ecological transition into the very core of business law and corporate governance, breaking with the formal Hayekian-inspired neoliberal approach that has dominated since the 1980s. Drawing on the reformist tradition of the School of Nice (Gérard Farjat, Gilles Martin), Benoit Frydman proposes concrete reforms: corporate duty of vigilance, mandatory sustainability reporting (CSRD), and the transformation of corporate governance towards increased stakeholder involvement.
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Préface à La transformation écologique du droit économique, 2025.
@article{frydman_2025_preface, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Préface à La transformation écologique du droit économique}, year = {2025} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Préface à La transformation écologique du droit économique PY - 2025 ER -
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Ecole de BruxellesThe Brussels SchoolBenoit Frydman · Dictionnaire des normesBook Chapter2024FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman presents the Brussels School as a school of thought founded in the social sciences at the end of the nineteenth century, characterised by an interdisciplinary, pragmatic and anti-formalist approach to law and norms. He divides its development into three phases: a sociological phase (social reform, social defence, labour law), an argumentative phase (post-1945, centred on Chaim Perelman and his new rhetoric applied to law), and a global phase (from the 1990s onwards, devoted to the study of innovative normative instruments in global governance). The author emphasises that the School conceives of law not as an articulated system of rules but as the progressive and reasonable construction of solutions emerging from adversarial debate in a context of irreducible pluralism.
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Ecole de Bruxelles.
@incollection{frydman_2024_ecole_bruxelles, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Ecole de Bruxelles}, booktitle = {Dictionnaire des normes}, publisher = {Themis}, year = {2024}, pages = {115--147} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Ecole de Bruxelles BT - Dictionnaire des normes PB - Themis PY - 2024 SP - 115 EP - 147 ER -
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Ecole de BruxellesBenoit Frydman · Dictionnaire des normesBook Chapter2024FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
No summary available for this work.
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« Le droit global selon l'École de Bruxelles : Histoire d'une idée centenaire », in K. Benyekhlev (dir.), Vers le droit global ?, Montréal, éd. Themis, pp. 115-147.
@incollection{frydman_2024_ecole_bruxelles_2, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Ecole de Bruxelles}, booktitle = {Dictionnaire des normes}, publisher = {Themis}, year = {2024}, pages = {115--147} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Ecole de Bruxelles BT - Dictionnaire des normes PB - Themis PY - 2024 SP - 115 EP - 147 ER -
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L'intelligence artificielle face à l'État de droitArtificial Intelligence Confronting the Rule of LawCharly Derave, Benoit Frydman et Nathan Genicot · BruylantMonograph / Book2024FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This introductory article by the collective formed by Charly Derave, Benoit Frydman, and Nathan Genicot examines artificial intelligence and algorithmic governance as both a major threat and an opportunity for the rule of law. The work traces the philosophical and historical roots of this project back to the Platonic government by reason, then traverses post-war cybernetics before distinguishing two technically distinct approaches: symbolic AI based on explicit rules, and connectionist AI through supervised learning operating as a 'black box'. Beyond dystopian fears (robot judges, Orwellian social credit), the authors map out concrete administrative applications—fraud detection algorithms in Belgium, facial recognition, recidivism prediction—before outlining the overall plan of the book covering seven critical areas.
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L'intelligence artificielle face à l'Etat de droit, dir. avec Ch. Derave et N. Genicot, Bruylant, 2024.
@book{frydman_2023_intelligence_artificielle_face_etat, author = {Derave, Charly and Frydman, Benoit and Genicot, Nathan}, title = {L'intelligence artificielle face à l'État de droit}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2024}, pages = {9--22} }TY - BOOK AU - Derave, Charly AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Genicot, Nathan TI - L'intelligence artificielle face à l'État de droit PB - Bruylant PY - 2024 SP - 9 EP - 22 ER -
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L'intelligence artificielle face à l'État de droitArtificial Intelligence Confronting the Rule of LawCharly Derave, Benoit Frydman et Nathan Genicot · BruylantBook Chapter2024FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This introductory chapter explores the tensions between artificial intelligence and the rule of law, presenting both the deep anxieties it arouses—the fantasy of the 'robot judge', 'social credit' systems imposing mass surveillance, the fear of a takeover by superintelligent machines—and the promises of algorithmic governance. The authors trace the history of this project from Plato to the 1956 Dartmouth conference, set out the definition of artificial intelligence proposed by Marvin Minsky, and discuss the resurgence of 'symbolic AI' made possible by the big data revolution at the beginning of the 21st century. The chapter thus sets the framework for a systematic analysis of the opportunities and risks that AI poses to the rule of law.
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« L'intelligence artificielle face à l'État de droit », in L'Intelligence artificielle face à l'Etat de droit, Bruylant, 2024, p. 9-22.
@incollection{frydman_2023_intelligence_artificielle_face_etat_2, author = {Derave, Charly and Frydman, Benoit and Genicot, Nathan}, title = {L'intelligence artificielle face à l'État de droit}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2024} }TY - CHAP AU - Derave, Charly AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Genicot, Nathan TI - L'intelligence artificielle face à l'État de droit PB - Bruylant PY - 2024 ER -
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A ordem jurídica: um conceito historicamente situadoThe Legal Order: A Historically Situated ConceptBenoit Frydman · BindiJournal Article2023PT
Written in Portuguese — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman argues that the concept of 'legal order' is historically contingent, rather than essential to law itself, originating from modern natural law theory and geometric rationality (Descartes, Pascal, Domat). While this macro-legal perspective effectively organizes complex legal systems, it imposes a vision that obscures other important dimensions, including conflicts, tensions, and evolutionary factors. Particularly in contexts of legal globalization, where multiple normativities coexist without hierarchical unity, the paradigm of order becomes problematic; Benoit Frydman advocates for flexibility in the choice of analytical tools, including 'thinking about law in disorder' when investigative objectives require it.
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« A ordem juridica : um conceito historicamente situado », trad. par Rafaël Tubone Magdaleno, Bindi, 2023, p. 84-100.
@article{frydman_2023_ordem_juridica_um_conceito, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {A ordem jurídica: um conceito historicamente situado}, journal = {Bindi}, publisher = {Instituto Norberto Bobbio}, year = {2023}, volume = {2}, pages = {84--100}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.8356374} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - A ordem jurídica: um conceito historicamente situado JO - Bindi PB - Instituto Norberto Bobbio PY - 2023 VL - 2 SP - 84 EP - 100 DO - 10.5281/zenodo.8356374 ER -
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De la réglementation juridique à la régulation technique de l'IAFrom Legal Regulation to Technical Regulation of AIBenoit Frydman et David Restrepo Amariles · Face aux défis de l'Intelligence Artificielle générativeBook Chapter2023FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman and David Restrepo Amariles analyze the European normative framework regarding artificial intelligence. They highlight the transition from traditional legal instruments to technical standardization and certification mechanisms, particularly through the European Artificial Intelligence Act. The authors distinguish between three competing regulatory approaches: ethical guidelines, legal rules, and technical standards. They demonstrate that while the latter allow for the integration of legal requirements into artificial intelligence systems throughout their lifecycle, this shift raises major issues for democracy and the rule of law. Indeed, this phenomenon risks delegating the interpretation of fundamental rights, traditionally assigned to public authorities and citizens, to technical and industrial actors. The presumption of legal conformity, induced by compliance with technical standards, thus threatens to obscure the effective protection of human rights in favor of technical procedures and market logics.
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« De la réglementation juridique à la régulation technique de l'IA », in Face aux défis de l'Intelligence Artificielle générative, Editions de l'Académie, 2023.
@incollection{frydman_2023_reglementation_juridique_regulation_technique, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Restrepo Amariles, David}, title = {De la réglementation juridique à la régulation technique de l'IA}, booktitle = {Face aux défis de l'Intelligence Artificielle générative}, publisher = {Editions de l'Académie}, year = {2023}, pages = {103--145} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Restrepo Amariles, David TI - De la réglementation juridique à la régulation technique de l'IA BT - Face aux défis de l'Intelligence Artificielle générative PB - Editions de l'Académie PY - 2023 SP - 103 EP - 145 ER -
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L'Avocat vu par le PhilosopheThe Lawyer as Seen by the PhilosopherBenoit Frydman · n. p.Other Academic Work2023FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman traces the philosophical tradition, from Plato to modern times, which equates the lawyer with the sophist and denigrates rhetoric as a mere art of persuasion serving the opinion of the moment. Against this millennial critique, he mobilizes the rehabilitation led by the Brussels School of Chaïm Perelman and his predecessor Eugène Dupréel, who recognize the essential and irreplaceable role of judicial argumentation in the construction of democratic justice. In a democracy and under the rule of law, truth is not a philosophical revelation but the laborious product of adversarial debate nourished by compelling arguments. The lawyer thus becomes the natural defender of democratic institutions against contemporary authoritarian ideologies that reject fair judicial procedures.
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« L'avocat vu par le philosophe », références.
@article{frydman_2023_avocat_vu_par_philosophe, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'Avocat vu par le Philosophe}, year = {2023} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'Avocat vu par le Philosophe PY - 2023 ER -
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Le contrôle des décisions publiques prises à l'aide d'algorithmesThe Review of Public Decisions Made Using AlgorithmsBenoit Frydman · L'IA face à l'état de droitBook Chapter2023FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the legal review of public and administrative decisions automated by algorithms. He details the challenges posed to the rule of law by algorithmic systems (transparency, duty to give reasons, discrimination, mass errors) and identifies the robust legal remedies offered by general administrative law to challenge them. The article emphasizes the critical distinction between predictions, recommendations, and decisions, and calls upon legal professionals and citizens to actively engage in such litigation to preserve rights, freedoms, and democratic accountability against the risks of insufficiently controlled algorithmic governance.
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« Le contrôle des décisions publiques prises à l'aide d'algorithmes », in L'IA face à l'état de droit, bruylant, 2023.
@incollection{frydman_2023_controle_decisions_publiques_prises, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le contrôle des décisions publiques prises à l'aide d'algorithmes}, booktitle = {L'IA face à l'état de droit}, publisher = {bruylant}, year = {2023}, pages = {23--42} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le contrôle des décisions publiques prises à l'aide d'algorithmes BT - L'IA face à l'état de droit PB - bruylant PY - 2023 SP - 23 EP - 42 ER -
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Le juriste, acteur de l'entreprise dans une société en mutationThe In-House Counsel as a Corporate Actor in a Changing SocietyBenoit Frydman, Christine Declercq · Institut des Juristes d'EntreprisesMagazine / Press Article2023FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article, the result of a discussion between Benoit Frydman and Christine Declercq, examines the profound transformation of the role of the in-house counsel in the contemporary context of regulatory inflation and the emergence of corporate social responsibilities. The authors demonstrate that the modern legal counsel must now reconcile several functions: guardian of legality, strategic advisor integrated into business decisions, facilitator, and whistleblower in the face of risks. They identify a growing gap between the fragmented legal framework, where legal norms coexist with hybrid sectoral standards and social responsibility requirements, and the need for an integrated legal response. The authors also raise critical future challenges, notably the growing competition from compliance services automated by artificial intelligence, and emphasize the need to radically rethink legal education to prepare lawyers for this multidisciplinary and strategic reality.
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« Le juriste, acteur de l'entreprise dans une société en mutation », Institut des Juristes d'Entreprises, 2023.
@article{frydman_2023_juriste_acteur_entreprise_dans, author = {Declercq, Benoit Frydman, Christine}, title = {Le juriste, acteur de l'entreprise dans une société en mutation}, publisher = {Institut des Juristes d'Entreprises}, year = {2023} }TY - JOUR AU - Declercq, Benoit Frydman, Christine TI - Le juriste, acteur de l'entreprise dans une société en mutation PB - Institut des Juristes d'Entreprises PY - 2023 ER -
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Notice sur Chaïm PerelmanBiographical Note on Chaïm PerelmanBenoit Frydman · Portraits de chercheursOther Academic Work2023FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This biographical note traces the career of Chaïm Perelman (1912-1984), a philosopher of the Brussels School who fundamentally renewed legal methodology by replacing the analysis of judicial reasoning based on formal logic and the syllogism with a theory of argumentation and rhetoric. Perelman and his school developed a pragmatic approach to law, based on case studies and the comparative method, which conceives of law as a dynamic human construction, the product of social struggles and disagreements within pluralistic societies, in fundamental opposition to legal positivism.
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Notice sur Chaïm Perelman, Portraits de chercheurs, 2023.
@article{frydman_2023_chaim_perelman, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Notice sur Chaïm Perelman}, journal = {Portraits de chercheurs}, year = {2023} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Notice sur Chaïm Perelman JO - Portraits de chercheurs PY - 2023 ER -
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Benoît Frydman et les juristes romainsBenoit Frydman and the Roman JuristsBenoit Frydman · Revue d'histoire des facultés de droitAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Aldo Schiavone, professor of Roman law at Sapienza University of Rome, addresses a fundamental critique to Benoit Frydman's book entitled 'Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique': the work almost entirely omits Roman jurisprudence despite the foundational role it played in the history of legal interpretation. Schiavone defends the central importance of Roman legal thought by characterizing it as a conscious and prolonged activity of interpretation, first of the remote tradition preserved by oral memory, and then developed through two alternative paradigms—the democratic paradigm of the lex publica and the aristocratic paradigm of the ius—which structured the two pillars of Roman law: the ius civile and the ius honorarium. While acknowledging the quality of Benoit Frydman's work, Schiavone concludes that this absence reveals a broader crisis: the tradition of Roman law studies failed during the 20th century to communicate a persuasive image of Roman jurisprudence outside the circle of specialists.
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B. FRYDMAN, « Benoît Frydman et les juristes romains », in Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit, n° 4 (Lectures de…), 2022, pp. 1-6.
@article{frydman_2022_benoit_frydman_juristes_romains, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Benoît Frydman et les juristes romains}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--6} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Benoît Frydman et les juristes romains JO - Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER -
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Comment on écrit l'histoire. Benoit Frydman et les révolutions juridiquesHow History Is Written. Benoit Frydman and Legal RevolutionsFrédéric Audren · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridiqueAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Frederic Audren examines the original historiographical methodology developed by Benoit Frydman in 'Le Sens des lois', which reconstructs the history of legal interpretation not as a linear succession of doctrines but as a succession of paradigms, or 'interpretive machines', specific to each period. Audren analyses Frydman's innovative use of the Foucauldian concept of episteme and the Kuhnian concept of paradigm in order to elucidate the cultural and scholarly conditions underpinning hermeneutic practices across the centuries.
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F. AUDREN, « Comment on écrit l'histoire. Benoit Frydman et les révolutions juridiques », in Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique, n° 4, 2022, pp. 1-17.
@article{frydman_2022_comment_on_ecrit_histoire, author = {Audren, Frédéric}, title = {Comment on écrit l'histoire. Benoit Frydman et les révolutions juridiques}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--17} }TY - JOUR AU - Audren, Frédéric TI - Comment on écrit l'histoire. Benoit Frydman et les révolutions juridiques JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 17 ER -
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Conclusion : l'art et la manière de faire du droit de l'École de BruxellesConclusion: The Art and Manner of Doing Law of the Brussels SchoolBenoit Frydman et G. Lewkowicz · Le droit selon l'Ecole de BruxellesBook Chapter2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman and Gregory Lewkowicz assert that the Brussels School conceives of law fundamentally as a practice and an applied art rather than as an abstract or systematic science. Rejecting the 'quintessence abstractors' who construct purely syllogistic reasoning without observing concrete reality, the School favors an empirical study of law based on the observation of its actual functioning in judicial life. This pragmatic approach is manifested notably by a commitment to comparative law, the adoption of a clinical method, and the critique of any methodology that would distort the object of study. The authors situate this predilection for the concrete within an older philosophical tradition, of which the rehabilitation of sophistry against Platonic philosophy constitutes a founding moment.
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« Conclusion : l'art et la manière de faire du droit de l'Ecole de Bruxelles », avec G. Lewkowicz, in Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles, B. Frydman et G. Lewkowicz (dir.), éd. de l'ULB, 2022, p. 363-380.
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De quoi l'École de Bruxelles est-elle le nom ?What Does the 'Brussels School' Stand For?Benoit Frydman et F. Audren · La naissance de l'Ecole de BruxellesBook Chapter2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Frederic Audren and Benoit Frydman retrace the emergence and definition of the term 'Brussels School', showing its origins in French scientific literature of the late nineteenth century (1898-1907), where it was coined to designate the distinctive approach of the Solvay Institute of Sociology to the social sciences. They examine the institutional structures, the densely woven intellectual networks and the personal relationships among Brussels scholars such as Emile Waxweiler and Ernest Solvay, demonstrating that the School operated as an organised intellectual community extending well beyond formal institutional boundaries, through academic journals, colonial societies, intellectual salons and family connections. The article situates this school within the broader context of the Belle Epoque and establishes its specific features in comparison with the Durkheimian school.
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« De quoi l'Ecole de Bruxelles est-elle le nom? », avec F. Audren, in La naissance de l'Ecole de Bruxelles, F. Audren, B. Frydman & N. Genicot (dir.), éd. de l'ULB, 2022, p. 9-55.
@incollection{frydman_2022_quoi_ecole_bruxelles_est, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Audren, F.}, title = {De quoi l'École de Bruxelles est-elle le nom ?}, booktitle = {La naissance de l'Ecole de Bruxelles}, publisher = {éd. de l'ULB}, year = {2022}, pages = {9--55} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Audren, F. TI - De quoi l'École de Bruxelles est-elle le nom ? BT - La naissance de l'Ecole de Bruxelles PB - éd. de l'ULB PY - 2022 SP - 9 EP - 55 ER -
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Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique, histoire des idées (politiques), histoire du droitHistory of Interpretation and Legal Reason, History of (Political) Ideas, History of LawPierre-Yves Quiviger · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droitAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Pierre-Yves Quiviger undertakes an epistemological and historiographical reflection on the disciplinary nature of Benoit Frydman's Le sens des lois, seeking to determine whether the work belongs to legal history, the history of legal doctrines, the history of legal thought, or a conceptual history of legal ideas. He emphasises that Frydman develops an original history of the hermeneutic tools that law has progressively internalised in variable ways, combining a general history of hermeneutics with a specific history of legal reason, and drawing on authors who are not exclusively jurists, notably Michel Villey. Quiviger then raises the central philosophical question posed by any intersection between history and philosophy of law: is there a timeless or invariant concept of interpretation that makes possible the very study of its historical variations?
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P.-Y. QUIVIGER, « Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique, histoire des idées (politiques), histoire du droit », in Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit, n° 4, 2022, pp. 1-6.
@article{frydman_2022_histoire_interpretation_raison_juridique, author = {Quiviger, Pierre-Yves}, title = {Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique, histoire des idées (politiques), histoire du droit}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--6} }TY - JOUR AU - Quiviger, Pierre-Yves TI - Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique, histoire des idées (politiques), histoire du droit JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 6 ER -
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L'interprétation en droit international public à la lumière du Sens des lois de Benoît FrydmanInterpretation in Public International Law in Light of Benoit Frydman's Le sens des loisHervé Ascensio · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droitAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Herve Ascensio shows that the pragmatic model of interpretation identified by Benoit Frydman in Le sens des lois offers a particularly apt account of the current state of both the theory and the practice of interpretation in public international law. Articles 31-33 of the Vienna Convention of 23 May 1969 codify this pragmatic model, according to which the interpreter must take into account, at once, the intention of the author, the objective meaning of the text and its usefulness for its addressees, even though such codification produces a segmented reading of international law that carries a risk of 'fragmentation'. Beyond this codification, Ascensio stresses that interpretation constitutes a major issue of power in international law: he identifies a rebalancing of interpretive capacities in favour of States, which are reclaiming control over interpretation, notably through the development of authentic interpretations, thereby revealing the profound transformations of contemporary international society.
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H. ASCENSIO, « L'interprétation en droit international public à la lumière du Sens des lois de Benoît Frydman », in Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit, n° 4, 2022, pp. 1-20.
@article{frydman_2022_interpretation_droit_international_public, author = {Ascensio, Hervé}, title = {L'interprétation en droit international public à la lumière du Sens des lois de Benoît Frydman}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--20} }TY - JOUR AU - Ascensio, Hervé TI - L'interprétation en droit international public à la lumière du Sens des lois de Benoît Frydman JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 20 ER -
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L'œuvre collective de l'École de Bruxelles en argumentation juridique (1945-1984)The Collective Work of the Brussels School in Legal Argumentation (1945-1984)Benoit Frydman · Le droit selon l'Ecole de BruxellesBook Chapter2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article examines the collective work of the Brussels School in legal argumentation and philosophy of law (1945-1984), highlighting that the research conducted by the group has been largely overshadowed by the personal renown of Chaïm Perelman. Benoit Frydman traces the origins of this collective project from the post-war period, shedding light on the historical context of the Second World War and its effects on the Université libre de Bruxelles. The text offers a four-part presentation: the beginnings of the enterprise (1945-1958), the functioning of the legal logic seminar and its protagonists, the collective works published in various series, and the assessment of this work. The article reveals how the Brussels School was established as a collective scientific project transcending the contribution of a single figure.
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« L'œuvre collective de l'Ecole de Bruxelles en argumentation juridique », in Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles, B. Frydman et G. Lewkowicz (dir.), éd. de l'ULB, 2022, p. 79-144.
@incollection{frydman_2022_uvre_collective_ecole_bruxelles, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'œuvre collective de l'École de Bruxelles en argumentation juridique (1945-1984)}, booktitle = {Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles}, publisher = {éd. de l'ULB}, year = {2022}, pages = {79--144} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'œuvre collective de l'École de Bruxelles en argumentation juridique (1945-1984) BT - Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles PB - éd. de l'ULB PY - 2022 SP - 79 EP - 144 ER -
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La conception sociologique du droit de l'École de Bruxelles (1886-1940)The Sociological Conception of Law of the Brussels School (1886-1940)Benoit Frydman et G. Lewkowicz · Le droit selon l'Ecole de BruxellesBook Chapter2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article analyzes the sociological conception of law developed by the Brussels School between 1886 and 1940, situating its emergence within the intellectual and political context of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The authors show how this conception was formed in reaction to the Neo-Scholastic School of Louvain and its attempts to ground positive law in Thomistic philosophy. The Brussels School favors an empirical and pragmatic approach, based on the observation of legal and social phenomena, combined with value pluralism and an assumed relativism. This dynamic perspective conceives of law as the provisional product of a permanent struggle between social forces, and constitutes a rehabilitation of sophistry against the Platonic tradition.
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« La conception sociologique du droit de l'Ecole de Bruxelles (1886, n° 1940), avec G. Lewkowicz, in Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles, B. Frydman et G. Lewkowicz (dir.), éd. de l'ULB, 2022, p. 15-77.
@incollection{frydman_2022_conception_sociologique_droit_ecole, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Lewkowicz, G.}, title = {La conception sociologique du droit de l'École de Bruxelles (1886-1940)}, booktitle = {Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles}, publisher = {éd. de l'ULB}, year = {2022}, pages = {15--77} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Lewkowicz, G. TI - La conception sociologique du droit de l'École de Bruxelles (1886-1940) BT - Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles PB - éd. de l'ULB PY - 2022 SP - 15 EP - 77 ER -
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La diffusion des données décisionnelles et la jurisprudenceThe Dissemination of Decisional Data and Case LawBenoit Frydman · La diffusion des données décisionnelles et la jurisprudence. Quelle jurisprudence à l'ère des données judiciaires ouvertes? volume IIReport / Working Paper2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman explains how the concept of case law has evolved since the 19th century, particularly the gradual shift from the traditional historical-philological model to a model based on the balancing of interests and values, driven by the growing influence of European courts (the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union) and the emergence of fundamental rights protection as positive norms. He analyzes the major consequences of the dissemination of decisional data and judicial open data: this digitization and systematic processing will allow lawyers and judges to identify statistical patterns that were previously inaccessible, profoundly altering judicial argumentation and risking the creation of unequal treatment between jurisdictions or individual judges. Finally, he critically examines the risks posed by judicial decision support software, notably proprietary algorithms, and concludes that only a public solution, developed under the exclusive responsibility of judicial authorities and respecting all constitutional, legal, and ethical principles, can be acceptable for the future of French justice.
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La diffusion des données décisionnelles et la jurisprudence. Quelle jurisprudence à l'ère des données judiciaires ouvertes? volume II, 2022.
@article{frydman_2022_reponses_au_questionnaire_groupe, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La diffusion des données décisionnelles et la jurisprudence}, journal = {La diffusion des données décisionnelles et la jurisprudence. Quelle jurisprudence à l'ère des données judiciaires ouvertes? volume II}, year = {2022}, pages = {151--158} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La diffusion des données décisionnelles et la jurisprudence JO - La diffusion des données décisionnelles et la jurisprudence. Quelle jurisprudence à l'ère des données judiciaires ouvertes? volume II PY - 2022 SP - 151 EP - 158 ER -
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La méthode scientifique et l'étude du droit ou pourquoi les juristes n'aiment pas toujours la scienceThe Scientific Method and the Study of Law, or Why Jurists Do Not Always Like ScienceDavid Soldini · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridiqueAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
David Soldoni examines Benoit Frydman's critique of normativism in 'Le Sens des Lois' by testing three alleged crises—historical, moral, and functional—and concluding that while the scientific method constrains legal discourse, it remains indispensable to legal science's development. Soldoni argues against the assumption that abandoning positivism will resolve juristic frustration, suggesting instead that future progress depends on the continued epistemological rigor the scientific method provides.
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D. SOLDINI, « La méthode scientifique et l'étude du droit ou pourquoi les juristes n'aiment pas toujours la science », in Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique, n° 4 (Lectures de…), 2022, pp. 1-16.
@article{frydman_2022_methode_scientifique_etude_droit, author = {Soldini, David}, title = {La méthode scientifique et l'étude du droit ou pourquoi les juristes n'aiment pas toujours la science}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique}, year = {2022}, number = {Lectures de… n° 4}, pages = {1--16} }TY - JOUR AU - Soldini, David TI - La méthode scientifique et l'étude du droit ou pourquoi les juristes n'aiment pas toujours la science JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique PY - 2022 IS - Lectures de… n° 4 SP - 1 EP - 16 ER -
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La naissance de l'École de BruxellesThe Birth of the Brussels SchoolEdited by Benoit Frydman, F. Audren et N. Genicot · Editions de l'ULBMonograph / Book2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
The authors introduce a collaborative work examining the emergence and significance of the Brussels School, presenting contributions from a 2019 international symposium that celebrates this pivotal institutional moment at the Université libre de Bruxelles. The volume traces how the School's founding principles—the integration of theory and practice, interdisciplinarity, internationalism, and pluralism—have shaped institutional identity and remain relevant for contemporary university governance. The editors emphasize that the book pursues a critical analysis from multiple perspectives rather than hagiography, drawing on extensive archival research to shed light on this singular moment in the intellectual history of Brussels.
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La naissance de l'Ecole de Bruxelles, dir. avec F. Audren et N. Genicot, Editions de l'ULB, Bruxelles, 2022.
@book{frydman_2022_naissance_ecole_bruxelles, title = {La naissance de l'École de Bruxelles}, publisher = {Editions de l'ULB}, year = {2022}, isbn = {978-2-8004-1779-0} }TY - BOOK TI - La naissance de l'École de Bruxelles PB - Editions de l'ULB PY - 2022 SN - 978-2-8004-1779-0 ER -
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La Renaissance dans Le sens des lois : la modernité juridique en questionThe Renaissance in The Meaning of Laws: Legal Modernity in QuestionXavier Prévost · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridiqueAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Xavier Prevost examines Benoit Frydman's work 'Le Sens des lois' from the standpoint of a specialist in sixteenth-century legal thought. His detailed analysis of the historical-philological methods of the legal humanists, notably those of Jacques Cujas and Spinoza, raises the major epistemological question of whether the Renaissance constitutes a mere interlude or rather a decisive moment of rupture in the history of legal reason. This inquiry challenges the periodisation proposed by Frydman, who locates the major break between 'the dialectic of the Ancients' and 'the science of the Moderns' in the seventeenth century, and invites us to acknowledge a modernity proper to Renaissance legal thought.
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X. PRÉVOST, « La Renaissance dans Le sens des lois : la modernité juridique en question », in Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique, n° 4, 2022, pp. 1-10.
@article{frydman_2022_renaissance_dans_sens_lois, author = {Prévost, Xavier}, title = {La Renaissance dans Le sens des lois : la modernité juridique en question}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--10} }TY - JOUR AU - Prévost, Xavier TI - La Renaissance dans Le sens des lois : la modernité juridique en question JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 10 ER -
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Le contrôle juridique des algorithmesThe Legal Control of AlgorithmsBenoit Frydman · Liber Amicorum Xavier Dieux, volume 1Book Chapter2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the legal control of automated administrative decisions under the guarantees of the rule of law, identifying two key dimensions: verifying that algorithmic systems pursue legitimate objectives and employ proportionate means to achieve them, and ensuring compliance with essential procedural and substantive safeguards. The paper analyzes the specific challenges posed by algorithmic opacity (explainability, access to data, parameters, and processing operations), direct and indirect discrimination, notably through algorithmic bias, and the problem that optimization criteria, which are often utilitarian, remain implicit and uncontrollable. Benoit Frydman examines the applicable legal frameworks (Article 22 of the GDPR, French legislation on algorithmic transparency, Dutch case law on the SyRI system) and proposes a mapping of possible defects and remedies, notably mandatory human review and access to effective appeal mechanisms.
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« Le contrôle juridique des algorithmes », in Liber Amicorum Xavier Dieux, Larcier, vol. I, p. 727-757.
@incollection{frydman_2021_controle_juridique_algorithmes, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le contrôle juridique des algorithmes}, booktitle = {Liber Amicorum Xavier Dieux, volume 1}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2022}, pages = {727--757} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le contrôle juridique des algorithmes BT - Liber Amicorum Xavier Dieux, volume 1 PB - Larcier PY - 2022 SP - 727 EP - 757 ER -
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Le droit selon l'École de BruxellesLaw According to the Brussels SchoolBenoit Frydman · Editions de l'ULBMonograph / Book2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This preface traces the personal and intellectual journey of Benoit Frydman towards the discovery and systematic study of the Brussels School of Law, largely ignored during his training at the ULB but later recognized as fundamental for understanding contemporary law. Benoit Frydman explains how collaborative research with Gregory Lewkowicz revealed that Eugène Dupréel, not Chaïm Perelman, is the true founder of the School, which emerged from the profoundly transformative institutional reforms of the late nineteenth century at the Université libre de Bruxelles. Through seminars, international symposia, and student-led research projects, the authors examined the School's multiple contributions to legal philosophy and jurisprudence by adopting a pragmatic approach to the history of ideas, deliberately distinct from both the philological method and the conceptual approach of major intellectual currents.
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Le droit selon l'Ecole de Bruxelles, dir. avec G. Lewkowicz, Editions de l'ULB, Bruxelles, 2022.
@book{frydman_2022_droit_selon_ecole_bruxelles, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le droit selon l'École de Bruxelles}, publisher = {Editions de l'ULB}, year = {2022}, isbn = {978-2-8004-1780-6} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le droit selon l'École de Bruxelles PB - Editions de l'ULB PY - 2022 SN - 978-2-8004-1780-6 ER -
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Le sens d'un livreThe Meaning of a Book and Author's RepliesBenoit Frydman · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droitJournal Article2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman introduces a collection of critical contributions dedicated to the reception of his book 'Le sens des lois'. The volume structures these various readings along two complementary axes: studies dedicated to specific interpretive models and historical analyses ranging from ancient law to twentieth-century normativism, as well as broader methodological critiques questioning the pragmatic foundations and historical approach of the work. Through this intellectual exchange, the collection identifies certain limitations of the book regarding the treatment of Roman law, interpretation during the Renaissance, and global law, while raising fundamental questions about the historical methodology underlying Benoit Frydman's project.
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« Le sens d'un livre » in « Lectures de Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique (3ème éd., Bruylant, 2011), in Lectures de… n°4, Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit, 2022 (188 p.) : https://univ-droit.fr/docs/contributions/4713297/rhfd-lectures-de-n-4-b-frydman-le-sens-des-lois-ensemble-des-contributions.pdf.
@article{frydman_2022_sens_livre, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le sens d'un livre}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--3} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le sens d'un livre JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 3 ER -
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Le sens du Global LawThe Meaning of Global LawBenoit Frydman · Revue d'histoire des facultés de droitAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Jean-Yves Cherot examines how the philosophical and empirical works of Benoit Frydman on global law continue and enrich his major historical study, 'Le Sens des lois', by articulating the history of legal thought with concrete investigations into contemporary transnational regulations: internet regulation, ISO standards, corporate social responsibility, governance indicators, and other forms of technical and managerial normativity that structure social relations in the era of globalization. Cherot emphasizes that the Brussels School, through its pragmatic approach, identifies two decisive epistemological breaks with classical legal thought: on the one hand, a break with the theory of sources as conceived in the 19th century, and on the other hand, a break with the concept of the legal order as a rational and complete order of the 17th and 18th centuries. This philosophical rereading of underlying epistemologies aims to legitimize the legal investigation of all forms of effective regulation, beyond the traditional distinctions between law and non-law, thereby situating the work of the Perelman Centre within the pragmatist lineage of the Brussels School.
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B. FRYDMAN, « Le sens du Global Law », in Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit, n° 4 (Lectures de…), 2022, pp. 1-14.
@article{frydman_2022_sens_global_law, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le sens du Global Law}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--14} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le sens du Global Law JO - Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER -
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Le sens du Sens des loisThe Meaning of 'Le Sens des lois'Stefan Goltzberg · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droitAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Stefan Goltzberg critically examines Benoit Frydman's ambitious history of legal interpretation models, arguing against Frydman's pragmatic and radical rejection of demarcation between legal and non-legal interpretation. While acknowledging Frydman's significant contribution in integrating philosophical and social scientific perspectives into legal scholarship, Goltzberg nevertheless maintains that legal interpretation possesses distinctive substantive features—most notably a particular relationship to textual literalism and a characteristic minimization of historical context—that merit recognition as meaningful differences of degree between legal and non-legal hermeneutical practices. Goltzberg contends that a properly constituted history of interpretative models would reveal legal interpretation's moderate literalism as a defining characteristic.
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S. GOLTZBERG, « Le sens du Sens des lois », in Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit, n° 4, 2022, pp. 1-16.
@article{frydman_2022_sens_sens_lois, author = {Goltzberg, Stefan}, title = {Le sens du Sens des lois}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--16} }TY - JOUR AU - Goltzberg, Stefan TI - Le sens du Sens des lois JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 16 ER -
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Les théories pragmatiques du droit globalPragmatic Theories of Global LawBenoit Frydman · Liber amicorum Jean-Yves ChérotBook Chapter2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines pragmatic theories of global law by tracing their philosophical roots from American pragmatism (Peirce, James, Dewey) through sociological jurisprudence to the contemporary approach of the Brussels School. The pragmatic conception of law, exemplified by Oliver Wendell Holmes's 'law in action' and Chaim Perelman's 'new rhetoric', reconceptualizes law as an experimental and interdisciplinary engagement with normative pluralism that transcends traditional state legal systems. From this perspective, pragmatic theories address both the declining efficacy of classical national law and the emergence of new forms of normativity in a globalized context where multiple actors compete to assert their interests and values through normative engineering.
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« Les théories pragmatiques du droit global », in Liber amicorum Jean-Yves Chérot, Bruylant, 2022.
@incollection{frydman_2022_theories_pragmatiques_droit_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les théories pragmatiques du droit global}, booktitle = {Liber amicorum Jean-Yves Chérot}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2022}, pages = {170--195} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les théories pragmatiques du droit global BT - Liber amicorum Jean-Yves Chérot PB - Bruylant PY - 2022 SP - 170 EP - 195 ER -
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Mireille Delmas-Marty à BruxellesMireille Delmas-Marty in BrusselsBenoit Frydman · Revue Internationale de Droit ComparéJournal Article2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman recounts his intellectual exchanges with Mireille Delmas-Marty, notably her participation in Chaïm Perelman's legal logic seminar in Brussels since the 1980s. He demonstrates how her early work on legal concepts with variable content, inspired by Eugène Dupréel's 'confused notions', influenced her seminal book 'Le flou du droit' (1986) and her subsequent engagement with global law theory. During her tenure at the Perelman Chair (1996-1997), Delmas-Marty developed her major concept of 'ordered pluralism', which rejects Kelsenian monism in favor of a multiplicity of legal orders in mutual adjustment through harmonization, initiating one of the major currents in contemporary global legal studies.
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« Mireille Delmas-Marty à Bruxelles », Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé, 2022.
@article{frydman_2022_mireille_delmas_marty_bruxelles, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Mireille Delmas-Marty à Bruxelles}, journal = {Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé}, year = {2022}, number = {1}, pages = {14--15}, doi = {10.3917/ridc.741.0026} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Mireille Delmas-Marty à Bruxelles JO - Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé PY - 2022 IS - 1 SP - 14 EP - 15 DO - 10.3917/ridc.741.0026 ER -
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Préface à Le droit selon l'École de BruxellesPreface to 'Law According to the Brussels School'Benoit Frydman · n. p.Preface / Foreword2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this preface, Benoit Frydman traces his intellectual journey, marked by the gradual discovery of the work of Chaim Perelman and the Brussels School. Describing how, from 2013 onwards, the Brussels School itself became an object of collective research, he presents a pragmatic history of legal ideas that distinguishes itself from traditional philological and conceptual approaches by favoring the study of strategies and struggles developed by groups within specific institutions. Frydman highlights the unconscious and deliberate transmission of this pragmatic legal culture through teaching at the ULB, characterized by the study of living law and the art of argumentation rather than the articulation of abstract principles, paying tribute to Pierre Van Ommeslaghe and Jacques Vanderlinden.
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« Préface », in B. Frydman et G. Lewkowicz (dir.), Le droit selon l'École de Bruxelles, éditions de l'ULB, Bruxelles, 2022, p. 7-11.
@article{frydman_nd_preface_eb2_13_6, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Préface à Le droit selon l'École de Bruxelles}, year = {2022} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Préface à Le droit selon l'École de Bruxelles PY - 2022 ER -
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Réponses de l'auteurThe Author's RepliesBenoit Frydman · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridiqueJournal Article2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman responds to the criticisms addressed to his monograph Le Sens des lois by defending his methodological choices: privileging models of interpretation theorised across historical periods rather than reconstructing the interpretive practices of specific communities of jurists. He acknowledges significant omissions concerning Renaissance legal humanism and the Roman jurisconsults, but justifies this structure by showing that the book gives precedence to the moment when models become predominant rather than to their initial formulation. He reflects on the complex relationship between authoritative texts (Roman law, biblical sources) and modern interpretive frameworks, and highlights how different models—rhetorical, geometrical, philological, pragmatic—are inscribed within the history of Western legal thought.
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« Le sens d'un livre » et « Réponses de l'auteur », in « Lectures de Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique (3ème éd., Bruylant, 2011), in Lectures de… n°4, Revue d'histoire des facultés de droit, 2022 (188 p.) : https://univ-droit.fr/docs/contributions/4713297/rhfd-lectures-de-n-4-b-frydman-le-sens-des-lois-ensemble-des-contributions.pdf.
@article{frydman_2022_reponses_auteur, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Réponses de l'auteur}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique}, year = {2022}, number = {4}, pages = {1--3} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Réponses de l'auteur JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique PY - 2022 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 3 ER -
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Usage de l'interprétation pour le droit privé : une lecture du Sens des lois, de Benoît FrydmanThe Use of Interpretation for Private Law: A Reading of 'Le Sens des lois' by Benoit FrydmanRémy LIBCHABER · Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridiqueAbout / Reviews of Benoit Frydman2022FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Remy Libchaber critically examines 'Le Sens des lois' by Benoit Frydman, a foundational work that offered a comprehensive historical and philosophical exploration of legal interpretation techniques. Although Frydman's groundbreaking study demolished naive positivist assumptions regarding the univocity of textual meaning and established interpretation as a complex and non-neutral hermeneutic practice, Libchaber notes that French private law doctrine has largely neglected these decisive contributions. French jurists continue to operate within a positivist framework assuming that texts possess a determinate and original meaning waiting for neutral discovery, despite Frydman's demonstration that interpretation necessarily involves a creative engagement with textual meaning. Libchaber suggests that institutional constraints and the historical French attachment to legislative supremacy make hermeneutic reform less effective than a strategy focused on the restrictive implementation of the rule.
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R. LIBCHABER, « Usage de l'interprétation pour le droit privé : une lecture du Sens des lois, de Benoît Frydman », in Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique, n° 4 (Lectures de…), 2022, pp. 1-15.
@article{frydman_2022_usage_interpretation_pour_droit, author = {LIBCHABER, Rémy}, title = {Usage de l'interprétation pour le droit privé : une lecture du Sens des lois, de Benoît Frydman}, journal = {Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique}, year = {2022}, number = {Lectures de… n° 4}, pages = {1--15} }TY - JOUR AU - LIBCHABER, Rémy TI - Usage de l'interprétation pour le droit privé : une lecture du Sens des lois, de Benoît Frydman JO - Revue d'histoire des Facultés de droit et de la culture juridique PY - 2022 IS - Lectures de… n° 4 SP - 1 EP - 15 ER -
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Benoit Frydman, philosophe, sur le Covid-19: «Ce qui s'est passé dans les maisons de repos c'est un massacre de masse»Benoit Frydman, philosopher, on Covid-19: 'What happened in nursing homes is a mass slaughter' (video)Benoit Frydman · RTBF.beMagazine / Press Article2020FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman, jurist and philosopher, severely criticizes the management of the COVID-19 crisis in Belgian nursing homes, describing it as a 'mass slaughter' that resulted in the deaths of 4,800 people in inhumane conditions contrary to human dignity. The author primarily denounces the dilution of political and administrative responsibilities characteristic of the Belgian power system, where accountability is systematically diluted across different levels of authority. He also highlights the contradictory directives that led hospitals to reject en masse the admission of nursing home residents, despite the proven availability of beds. Benoit Frydman calls for a serious criminal investigation led by several investigating judges and firmly defends the freedom of expression of scientists in the face of intimidation attempts.
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« Benoit Frydman, philosophe, sur le Covid-19: «Ce qui s'est passé dans les maisons de repos c'est un massacre de masse» », RTBF.be, 2020.
@article{frydman_2020_benoit_frydman_philosophe_sur, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Benoit Frydman, philosophe, sur le Covid-19: «Ce qui s'est passé dans les maisons de repos c'est un massacre de masse»}, publisher = {RTBF.be}, year = {2020} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Benoit Frydman, philosophe, sur le Covid-19: «Ce qui s'est passé dans les maisons de repos c'est un massacre de masse» PB - RTBF.be PY - 2020 ER -
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En pleine pandémie, les gouvernants s'attaquent à la démocratie participative du jury citoyenIn the Midst of a Pandemic, the Government Attacks the Participatory Democracy of the Citizen JuryBenoit Frydman · Le SoirMagazine / Press Article2020FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman vigorously criticizes a reform project of the Belgian government aiming to abolish the citizen jury and the Court of Assizes during the Covid-19 pandemic. The author asserts that the right to sit on a jury constitutes the principal political right of citizens after the right to vote, and that Belgians display a deep attachment to this institution. He denounces the official arguments justifying the abolition and reveals the true objective: to restore criminal prosecutions against the press and the media, making it possible to muzzle journalists and whistleblowers. Frydman emphasizes that this suppression of a participatory democratic institution, although constitutionally protected, would represent contempt for the people and a weakening of democracy.
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« En pleine pandémie, les gouvernants s'attaquent à la démocratie participative du jury citoyen », Le Soir, 2020.
@article{frydman_nd_pleine_pandemie_gouvernants_s, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {En pleine pandémie, les gouvernants s'attaquent à la démocratie participative du jury citoyen}, journal = {Le Soir}, year = {2020} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - En pleine pandémie, les gouvernants s'attaquent à la démocratie participative du jury citoyen JO - Le Soir PY - 2020 ER -
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Foucault, le droit et la dynastique du savoirFoucault, Law and the Dynastics of KnowledgeBenoit Frydman et Nathan Genicot · Foucault face à la normeBook Chapter2020FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article by Benoit Frydman and Nathan Genicot re-examines the place of law in the work of Michel Foucault in light of the recent publication of his early lectures at the Collège de France. Against the common reading that views Foucault merely as a critic of carceral institutions, the authors show that Foucault conceives of law and its procedures as producers of knowledge and as shapers of the conditions of possibility for knowledge. They develop and deepen the Foucauldian thesis of the 'dynastics of knowledge': the evolution of legal institutions determines the constitution and transformation of knowledge. This encounter with the law provokes a decisive shift in the Foucauldian program towards genealogy and the analytics of power. Foucauldian analyses of contemporary normative apparatuses remain essential for thinking about the transformations of current law and invite legal scholars to appropriate new global normativities.
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« Foucault, le droit et la dynastique du savoir », in Foucault face à la norme, Mare & Martin, 2020.
@incollection{frydman_2019_foucault_droit_dynastique_savoir, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Genicot, Nathan}, title = {Foucault, le droit et la dynastique du savoir}, booktitle = {Foucault face à la norme}, publisher = {Mare & Martin}, year = {2020}, pages = {129--153} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Genicot, Nathan TI - Foucault, le droit et la dynastique du savoir BT - Foucault face à la norme PB - Mare & Martin PY - 2020 SP - 129 EP - 153 ER -
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La traque numérique : une ligne rouge à ne pas franchirDigital tracking: a red line not to be crossedBenoit Frydman · n. p.Magazine / Press Article2020FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this interview, jurist and legal philosopher Benoit Frydman offers analysis of state management of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Belgium and Europe, emphasizing the absence of international coordination and solidarity among European Union member states. While acknowledging that special emergency powers granted to the federal government are legitimate during a severe health crisis, Benoit Frydman identifies digital surveillance and citizen geolocation as a red line never to be crossed, as these would irreversibly open the door to a surveillance society incompatible with fundamental freedoms and democracy. He expresses hopes for the post-crisis period: preserving pillars of social protection (healthcare, education), implementing a Green New Deal favoring green and sustainable technologies over polluting sectors, and ensuring universal social security for precarious workers and those in the digital economy.
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« La traque numérique : une ligne rouge à ne pas franchir », 2020.
@article{frydman_nd_untitled_3, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La traque numérique : une ligne rouge à ne pas franchir}, year = {2020} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La traque numérique : une ligne rouge à ne pas franchir PY - 2020 ER -
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Le droit comme matière première et produit finiLaw as Raw Material and Finished ProductBenoit Frydman · À qui profite le droit?Book Chapter2020FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman explores how law functions as a commodity and a strategic resource in global markets, examining the perspectives of individuals and corporations navigating across multiple national jurisdictions. Through examples ranging from consumer behavior to corporate tax optimization strategies, he demonstrates how traditional state regulation is partially giving way to alternative governance mechanisms operating through value chains and corporate social responsibility. Although the latter has become a major strategic concern for most executives, it has not been sufficient to prevent exploitation, suggesting that the struggle for law in the global environment is only just beginning.
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« Le droit comme matière première et produit fini », in À qui profite le droit?, anthemis, 2020.
@incollection{frydman_2020_droit_marchandise, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le droit comme matière première et produit fini}, booktitle = {À qui profite le droit?}, publisher = {anthemis}, year = {2020}, pages = {25--50} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le droit comme matière première et produit fini BT - À qui profite le droit? PB - anthemis PY - 2020 SP - 25 EP - 50 ER -
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PERELMAN Chaïm (1912-1984)PERELMAN Chaim (1912-1984)Benoit Frydman · Encyclopedia for the Philosophy of Law and Social PhilosophyBook Chapter2020FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman presents an encyclopedic overview of Chaim Perelman's major contributions to legal philosophy and the theory of justice, tracing how Perelman moved beyond the constraints of formal logic to establish argumentation as the foundation for understanding justice and judicial reasoning. Benoit Frydman emphasizes that Perelman identified six competing conceptions of justice (egalitarian, merit-based, need-based, performance-based, rank-based, and formally legal) that express irreducible values and cannot be reconciled through logic alone; instead, they must be weighed argumentatively depending on concrete circumstances. The article's central argument is that judicial decisions constitute paradigmatic acts of practical reasoning in which judges justify their choices before a 'universal audience,' thereby integrating principles of justice into the ongoing development of positive law and transcending the false divide between natural law and positive law.
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V° Perelman Chaïm, in Encyclopedia for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, texte accepté pour publication.
@incollection{frydman_2020_perelman_chaim_1912_1984, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {PERELMAN Chaïm (1912-1984)}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_786-1} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - PERELMAN Chaïm (1912-1984) BT - Encyclopedia for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_786-1 ER -
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Adolphe Prins et l'École de Bruxelles La défense sociale dans la guerre des idéesAdolphe Prins and the Brussels School: Social Defense in the War of IdeasBenoit Frydman · La science pénale dans tous ses étatsBook Chapter2019FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the founding work of Adolphe Prins and traces the emergence and intellectual significance of the Brussels School by placing their contribution within the turbulent and highly conflictual intellectual context of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He analyzes the major and enduring conflict between progressive positivists, convinced of the need to reform society through empirical scientific methods, and the defenders of spiritualist doctrinaire traditions within the Université libre de Bruxelles, a conflict that led to the creation of independent and innovative institutions such as the Solvay Institute of Sociology and the Université nouvelle. The article convincingly demonstrates that Prins's doctrine of social defense, rigorously combining the positivist method with pragmatist philosophy, constitutes a profound and innovative reform of criminal law and justice, oriented towards a scientific response to the social question of the time and exerting a lasting intellectual and practical influence on contemporary legal and criminological thought.
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« Adolphe Prins et L'École de Bruxelles. La défense sociale dans la guerre des idées », in La science pénale dans tous ses états, Larcier, 2019, p. 561-587.
@incollection{frydman_2019_adolphe_prins_ecole_bruxelles, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Adolphe Prins et l'École de Bruxelles La défense sociale dans la guerre des idées}, booktitle = {La science pénale dans tous ses états}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2019}, pages = {561--587} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Adolphe Prins et l'École de Bruxelles La défense sociale dans la guerre des idées BT - La science pénale dans tous ses états PB - Larcier PY - 2019 SP - 561 EP - 587 ER -
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La Cour suprême du Royaume Unis a mis fin à la dérive populisteThe Supreme Court Has Put an End to the Populist DriftJean-Claude Matgen · La Libre BelgiqueMagazine / Press Article2019FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this interview, Benoit Frydman welcomes the unanimous, clear, and firm decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom invalidating the unlawful suspension of the British Parliament ordered by Prime Minister Boris Johnson, characterizing it as a courageous defense of the rule of law and democratic institutions. He identifies a worrying populist trend sweeping across Europe and the world, wherein political leaders—notably Donald Trump, Matteo Salvini, as well as certain Polish and Hungarian rulers—claim to embody the will of the people in order to better bypass parliamentary and judicial oversight, thereby undermining the very foundations of constitutional democracy. Benoit Frydman warns that Belgium itself is not spared from this threat: he cites instances where the government has flouted judicial decisions and attempted to govern with a parliamentary majority that has become a minority, all of which are signs of an authoritarian drift comparable to that which led Europe to dictatorships during the last century.
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« La Cour suprême du Royaume Unis a mis fin à la dérive populiste », La Libre Belgique, 2019.
@article{frydman_2019_cour_supreme_mis_fin, author = {Matgen, Jean-Claude}, title = {La Cour suprême du Royaume Unis a mis fin à la dérive populiste}, journal = {La Libre Belgique}, year = {2019}, pages = {18} }TY - JOUR AU - Matgen, Jean-Claude TI - La Cour suprême du Royaume Unis a mis fin à la dérive populiste JO - La Libre Belgique PY - 2019 SP - 18 ER -
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La fonction juridique de la monnaieThe Legal Function of MoneyBenoit Frydman · Revue de droit bancaire et financierJournal Article2019FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman establishes the legal and functional criteria that characterize money: it must inspire trust, enjoy widespread acceptance, and be the subject of a coherent policy. Behind any currency, there must be a comprehensive set of policies: monetary (regulation, prudential supervision, reserves), repressive (against counterfeiting), as well as civil and commercial (nominalism, indexation). The article then evaluates new monetary forms in light of these criteria. Complementary local currencies (45 in France) remain means of payment with a limited scope of action, lacking general trust and a comprehensive political framework. Cryptocurrencies, despite their proliferation (1,600 variants), only partially fulfill these conditions: limited trust, restricted circulation, and inadequate supervision. Benoit Frydman concludes that none of these new forms can yet be qualified as money in the full sense.
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« La fonction juridique de la monnaie », Revue de droit bancaire et financier, 2019, p. 65-66.
@article{frydman_2019_fonction_juridique_monnaie_2, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La fonction juridique de la monnaie}, journal = {Revue de droit bancaire et financier}, publisher = {LEXISNEXISSA}, year = {2019}, number = {4}, pages = {65--66} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La fonction juridique de la monnaie JO - Revue de droit bancaire et financier PB - LEXISNEXISSA PY - 2019 IS - 4 SP - 65 EP - 66 ER -
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Synthèse : La fragilisation de l'ordre public économique et le contrôle des acteurs privés dans un environnement globaliséSynthesis Report: The Weakening of Economic Public Order and the Control of Private Actors in a Globalized EnvironmentBenoit Frydman · Revue internationale de droit économiqueJournal Article2019FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This synthesis report by Benoit Frydman analyzes the weakening of economic public order in the face of private economic powers in a globalized and digitized environment. The author identifies three fundamental reversals: the growing evasion of state norms by private actors and their self-normativity; the inversion of competition such that it now places states in regulatory competition for the benefit of capital holders; and the economic flow directed from labor to capital. Faced with this weakening, Frydman examines the current limits of European competition law regarding digital giants and explores narrow paths of decentralized and pluralistic regulation, notably corporate social responsibility and the intervention of judges as guarantors of public order.
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« La fragilisation de l'ordre public économique et le contrôle des acteurs privés dans un environnement globalisé », in Pouvoirs privés économiques et ordre public économique, R.I.D.E., 2019.
@article{frydman_2018_rapport_synthese_fragilisation_ordre, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Synthèse : La fragilisation de l'ordre public économique et le contrôle des acteurs privés dans un environnement globalisé}, journal = {Revue internationale de droit économique}, year = {2019}, doi = {10.3917/ride.331.0123} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Synthèse : La fragilisation de l'ordre public économique et le contrôle des acteurs privés dans un environnement globalisé JO - Revue internationale de droit économique PY - 2019 DO - 10.3917/ride.331.0123 ER -
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Breve manual práctico de derecho globalA Short Practical Manual of Global LawBenoit Frydman · U. Externado de ColumbiaMonograph / Book2018ES
Written in Spanish — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman presents a short practical manual exploring how to build a fairer global law in the context of a globalized and politically fragmented market economy. The book, aimed at multiple actors—entrepreneurs, activists, legal professionals, and citizens—teaches survival techniques and strategies for the struggle for law in a complex and dangerous environment, dominated by the 'regulatory race to the bottom' and the incoherent proliferation of global norms. Through the pragmatist methodology characteristic of the Brussels School, Benoit Frydman posits that we are all global actors responsible for the construction of law, overcoming both the myth of a world State and the illusion of a self-regulating market.
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Breve manual práctico de derecho global, tr. Pr. B. Carvajal Sánchez, U. Externado de Columbia, 2018.
@book{frydman_2018_breve_manual_practico_derecho, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Breve manual práctico de derecho global}, publisher = {U. Externado de Columbia}, year = {2018}, pages = {9--120} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Breve manual práctico de derecho global PB - U. Externado de Columbia PY - 2018 SP - 9 EP - 120 ER -
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Droit global et régulationGlobal Law and RegulationBenoit Frydman · Revue d'études benthamiennesJournal Article2018FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes the major challenges that contemporary transformations of the global economy pose to the classical model of the welfare state, historically based on the territorial regulation of states and the redistribution of resources produced by the market. He argues that there are alternative or complementary regulatory mechanisms to resort to when territorial regulation by states proves to be failing or insufficient, illustrated in particular by corporate social responsibility initiatives, which strategically mobilize the power of brands and reputations to regulate working conditions in global production and distribution networks. By tracing the historical evolution of global law from Roman jus gentium and Enlightenment natural law to contemporary forms of technical standardization, Benoit Frydman proposes that effective and just global governance relies on the strategic identification of leverage points or levers of action within economic networks themselves, rather than solely on the classical and declining exercise of state sovereignty.
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« Droit global et régulation. Quels points de contrôle pour une régulation de l'économie de marché ? », Revue d'études benthamiennes, vol. 14 (2018).
@article{frydman_2018_droit_global_regulation, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Droit global et régulation}, journal = {Revue d'études benthamiennes}, publisher = {Centre Bentham}, year = {2018}, volume = {14}, pages = {1--20}, doi = {10.4000/etudes-benthamiennes.846}, issn = {1760-7507} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Droit global et régulation JO - Revue d'études benthamiennes PB - Centre Bentham PY - 2018 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 20 DO - 10.4000/etudes-benthamiennes.846 SN - 1760-7507 ER -
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Du Sinaï au Champ-de-Mars : François Ost entre droit et littératureFrom Sinai to the Champ-de-Mars: François Ost Between Law and LiteratureBenoit Frydman · Le droit malgré tout. Hommage à François OstBook Chapter2018FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes François Ost's essay 'From Sinai to the Champ-de-Mars,' a transitional work marking the author's shift from legal theory to literature. The work combines analysis of major literary texts, notably Exodus and Greek tragedies, with philosophical and juridical commentary, following a deliberate method that brings narrative discourse and argumentative discourse into resonance. Ost develops his central thesis of an inextricable intertwining between law and contract: there exists in social reality no chemically pure form, but rather molecules combining in variable doses imposed and negotiated elements. The essay explores the tension between sacred revelation (Sinai) and democratic reason (Champ-de-Mars), and mobilizes the mythic figure of Hermes as an alternative to Dworkin's model of Judge Hercule, thereby interrogating the theologico-political foundation of law and social bonds.
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« Du Sinaï au Champ-de-Mars : François Ost entre droit et littérature », in Le droit malgré tout. Hommage à François Ost, Presses de l'Université Saint-Louis, 2018, pp. .
@incollection{frydman_2017_sinai_au_champ_mars, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Du Sinaï au Champ-de-Mars : François Ost entre droit et littérature}, booktitle = {Le droit malgré tout. Hommage à François Ost}, publisher = {Presses de l'Université Saint-Louis}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.4000/books.pusl.23673} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Du Sinaï au Champ-de-Mars : François Ost entre droit et littérature BT - Le droit malgré tout. Hommage à François Ost PB - Presses de l'Université Saint-Louis PY - 2018 DO - 10.4000/books.pusl.23673 ER -
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L'émergence d'une discipline : le droit globalThe Emergence of a Discipline: Global LawBenoit Frydman · Qu'est-ce qu'une discipline juridique? Fondation et recomposition des disciplines dans les facultés de droitBook Chapter2018FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the emergence of global law as an academic discipline through an anecdote illustrating the institutional refusal of its recognition, revealing a fundamental epistemological issue concerning the conditions of existence of a legal discipline. The text traces the terminological genealogy from the 'law of nations' to 'international law' (a neologism by Jeremy Bentham) and finally to 'global law', each embodying a fundamental rupture with the previous conception of law beyond borders. Adopting a pragmatist approach, Frydman asserts that the univocal definition and precise demarcation of the legal corpus are not conditions but rather consequences of disciplinary emergence: global law emerges as a response to the practical transformations of globalization and as a site of ideological contestation over the conceptual and institutional foundations of law.
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« L'émergence d'une discipline : le droit global », in F. Audren et S. Barbou des Places (eds.), Qu'est-ce qu'une discipline juridique ? Fondation et recomposition des disciplines dans les facultés de droit, Paris, Lextenso, 2018, pp. 331-346.
@incollection{frydman_2015_emergence_discipline_droit_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'émergence d'une discipline : le droit global}, booktitle = {Qu'est-ce qu'une discipline juridique? Fondation et recomposition des disciplines dans les facultés de droit}, publisher = {Lextenso}, year = {2018}, pages = {331--346} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'émergence d'une discipline : le droit global BT - Qu'est-ce qu'une discipline juridique? Fondation et recomposition des disciplines dans les facultés de droit PB - Lextenso PY - 2018 SP - 331 EP - 346 ER -
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La concurrence des normes globalesTHE COMPETITION OF GLOBAL NORMSBenoit Frydman · Revue internationale de droit économiqueJournal Article2018FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes how State sovereignty, traditionally expressed through territorial law, is being challenged by the transformations of the global economy and globalization. Faced with the shortcomings of territorial regulation, alternative or complementary modes of regulation exist that the law must address. The article identifies three levers of global law: forum shopping, used strategically to circumvent impunity (the Pinochet case, the Belgian universal jurisdiction law, the American Alien Tort Statute); corporate social responsibility; and technical standards as vectors of global law. Benoit Frydman emphasizes that the law requires weaker actors to master the techniques of cunning and reversal to thwart superior force, by identifying 'checkpoints' that enable the regulation of the global system.
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« La concurrence des normes globales », R.I.D.E., 2018, p. 293-304.
@article{frydman_2018_concurrence_normes_globales, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La concurrence des normes globales}, journal = {Revue internationale de droit économique}, publisher = {Association internationale de droit économique}, year = {2018}, volume = {XXXII}, number = {3}, pages = {293--304}, doi = {10.3917/ride.323.0293}, isbn = {9782807392496}, issn = {1010-8831} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La concurrence des normes globales JO - Revue internationale de droit économique PB - Association internationale de droit économique PY - 2018 VL - XXXII IS - 3 SP - 293 EP - 304 DO - 10.3917/ride.323.0293 SN - 9782807392496 ER -
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Peut-on être acquitté au pénal et condamné au civil ?Can One Be Acquitted in Criminal Proceedings and Held Liable in Civil Proceedings?Benoit Frydman · Justice-en-ligneMagazine / Press Article2018FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman compares European and American legal systems to explain the seemingly paradoxical outcome of the DSK/Diallo case, showing that common law jurisdictions such as the State of New York maintain entirely independent criminal and civil proceedings with differentiated standards of proof (beyond a reasonable doubt versus the preponderance of the evidence), whereas continental European systems such as Belgium incorporate the civil action within the criminal proceedings, with unified findings of fact. The article illustrates the fundamental cultural differences between common law procedural traditions and continental substantive approaches to legal determination and victims' rights.
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« Peut-on être acquitté au pénal et condamné au civil ? », Justice-en-ligne, 2018.
@article{frydman_nd_peut_on_etre_acquitte, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Peut-on être acquitté au pénal et condamné au civil ?}, journal = {Justice-en-ligne}, year = {2018} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Peut-on être acquitté au pénal et condamné au civil ? JO - Justice-en-ligne PY - 2018 ER -
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PréfacePreface to Caroline Lequesne's BookBenoit Frydman · L'évolution du régime contractuel de défaut des Etats débiteurs européensBook Chapter2018FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This preface presents Caroline Lequesne-Roth's thesis dedicated to sovereign debt in Europe. The author analyzes how the legal status of borrowing States and their obligations towards creditors have been modified by the effects of financialization. Based on a meticulous collection of standardized loan contracts of European States and a study of the case law of London and New York courts, she demonstrates that States have relinquished significant sovereign privileges. The analysis reveals a legal-normative framework integrating contractual clauses, judicial decisions, financial ratings, and international institutions that strictly discipline indebted States, particularly those in the Eurozone, directly threatening their capacity to provide public services and social protection.
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Préface à l'ouvrage de Caroline Lequesne, Le régime contractuel de défaut des Etats débiteurs européens, LGDJ, 2018.
@incollection{frydman_2018_preface_ouvrage_caroline_lequesne, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Préface}, booktitle = {L'évolution du régime contractuel de défaut des Etats débiteurs européens}, publisher = {LGDJ}, year = {2018} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Préface BT - L'évolution du régime contractuel de défaut des Etats débiteurs européens PB - LGDJ PY - 2018 ER -
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论全球以及欧洲范围内的规制竞争Benoit Frydman · n. p.Journal Article2018ZH
Written in ZH — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoît Frydman explains the nature, origins, and evolution of the phenomenon of regulatory competition in the context of globalization, pointing out that this competition involves the possibility for legal subjects to choose among multiple legal orders. The article demonstrates how globalization has transformed the nature of international law, gradually shifting the traditional system of state competition into a global legal market composed of domestic laws, where states and economic actors compete to offer more favorable legal rules. The author emphasizes that regulatory competition has become an important mechanism of global and EU governance, with countries using tools such as legal indices for mutual ranking and remote management, while also highlighting the profound threat posed by non-state standard-setting bodies to national judicial authority.
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伯努瓦·弗里德曼:"论全球以及欧洲范围内的规制竞争"，《法理》（第四卷），商务印书馆2018年版，第11-29页 (« La concurrence normative européenne et globale », Fali : Journal de philosophie du droit, de méthodologie juridique et de l'Intelligence artificielle, 2018, p. 11-28, traduit du français par Mme I. Feng.
@article{frydman_2015_untitled, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {论全球以及欧洲范围内的规制竞争}, year = {2018} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - 论全球以及欧洲范围内的规制竞争 PY - 2018 ER -
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From Accuracy to Accountability: Subjecting Global Indicators to the Rule of LawBenoit Frydman · International Journal of Law in ContextJournal Article2017EN
Benoit Frydman argues that global social indicators function as instruments of governance despite widespread claims of scientific neutrality, and therefore must be subjected to the rule of law and judicial scrutiny like any other form of political authority. Drawing on genealogies tracing statistics, sociology, and managerial rationality from Bentham and Comte to contemporary management practices, he challenges the modern Constitution's rigid division between scientific facts and political values. Rather than accepting assessment limited to methodological accuracy alone, Benoit Frydman proposes a pragmatic test evaluating whether, and to what extent and by what means, indicators should be subject to legitimacy, transparency, and proportionality requirements that characterize rule-of-law governance.
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« From Accuracy to Accountability: Subjecting Global Indicators to the Rule of Law », in D. Nelken and M. Siems, eds., Global Social Indicators, International Journal of Law in Context 13 (4), pp. 450-464.
@article{frydman_nd_from_accuracy_to_accountability, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {From Accuracy to Accountability: Subjecting Global Indicators to the Rule of Law}, journal = {International Journal of Law in Context}, year = {2017}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {450--464}, doi = {10.1017/s1744552317000386} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - From Accuracy to Accountability: Subjecting Global Indicators to the Rule of Law JO - International Journal of Law in Context PY - 2017 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 450 EP - 464 DO - 10.1017/s1744552317000386 ER -
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Le droit comme savoir et comme instrument d'action dans la philosophie pragmatiqueLaw as Knowledge and as an Instrument of Action in Pragmatic PhilosophyBenoit Frydman · Revue de la Recherche JuridiqueJournal Article2017FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman offers an in-depth analysis of pragmatism as a general philosophy and as a specific theory of law, tracing its origins in Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Oliver Wendell Holmes to its fruitful application in twentieth-century American legal realism. The article demonstrates how the central pragmatic maxim—according to which the meaning of a concept lies fundamentally in the sum of its practical effects—provides a powerful theoretical framework for understanding the progressive and never definitive construction of law through case law, judicial practice, and doctrinal debates, rather than as a system of rules fixed a priori. Benoit Frydman emphasizes the central importance of this indissoluble link between thought and action: pragmatism conceives of law not as a set of abstract norms but as an empirical discipline based on living experience, where legal thought is developed collectively through the critical engagement of jurists, judges, and lawyers committed to the progressive construction of justice.
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« Le droit comme savoir et comme instrument d'action dans la philosophie pragmatique », Cahiers de méthodologie juridique n° 31, Revue de la Recherche Juridique, 2017, pp. 1805, n° 1820.
@article{frydman_2017_droit_comme_savoir_comme, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le droit comme savoir et comme instrument d'action dans la philosophie pragmatique}, journal = {Revue de la Recherche Juridique}, publisher = {Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille}, year = {2017}, volume = {31}, number = {31}, pages = {1805--1820} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le droit comme savoir et comme instrument d'action dans la philosophie pragmatique JO - Revue de la Recherche Juridique PB - Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille PY - 2017 VL - 31 IS - 31 SP - 1805 EP - 1820 ER -
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Le juge à l'âge globalThe Judge in the Global AgeBenoit Frydman · CitésJournal Article2017FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman traces the radical transformation of the judicial mission since 1945, shifting from the model of executors of legislative will to that of independent arbiters of constitutional norms and human rights. While the post-war refoundation of law emancipated judges within the State through the establishment of constitutional courts and supranational jurisdictions, contemporary globalization empowers the judge as a vector for the diffusion of externally originating norms, compelling States to conform their law to international and European standards. The judge now operates in a legal space with porous borders, exercising a continuous function of review, interpretation, and discipline over State action and sovereignty.
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« Le juge à l'âge global », Revue Cités n° 69, 2017, pp. 59-72.
@article{frydman_2017_juge_age_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le juge à l'âge global}, journal = {Cités}, publisher = {PUF}, year = {2017}, number = {69}, pages = {59--72}, doi = {10.3917/cite.069.0059} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le juge à l'âge global JO - Cités PB - PUF PY - 2017 IS - 69 SP - 59 EP - 72 DO - 10.3917/cite.069.0059 ER -
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Les défis du droit globalThe Challenges of Global LawBenoit Frydman · BruylantBook Chapter2017FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes how globalization—conceived as a profound historical transformation operating simultaneously at the technological, economic, social, and political levels—fundamentally challenges the very foundations of law and demands its profound renewal. The author argues that law cannot disconnect itself from these developments without losing its effectiveness and social utility, and proposes a pragmatic methodology that studies law as it is actually applied in practice rather than solely in its abstract formulations. The text demonstrates how classical legal mechanisms based on state sovereignty prove inadequate in the face of transnational challenges—namely sovereign debt, banking regulation, and Internet governance—which require recourse to innovative forms of regulation, notably soft law and legal pluralism.
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« Les défis du droit global » in C. Bricteux et B. Frydman (dir.), Les défis du droit global, Bruylant, 2018, pp. 7-23.
@incollection{frydman_2017_defis_droit_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les défis du droit global}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2017}, pages = {7--23} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les défis du droit global PB - Bruylant PY - 2017 SP - 7 EP - 23 ER -
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Les défis du droit globalThe Challenges of Global LawBenoit Frydman · BruylantMonograph / Book2017FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This collective volume, edited by Benoit Frydman and Caroline Bricteux and issuing from the Perelman Centre of the Universite libre de Bruxelles, offers a systematic reflection on the transformations that globalisation imposes upon contemporary law. The volume brings together contributions from the Centre's researchers across eight strategic fields — social protection, non-discrimination, human rights and the rule of law, migration law, climate governance, sovereign debt restructuring, banking regulation and Internet governance — preceded by a conceptual introduction and completed by a theoretical conclusion on legal engineering. The authors adopt a pragmatic and pluralist approach in order to examine how legal instruments and institutions must adapt to transnational challenges that exceed the capacities of traditional national legal systems.
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Les défis du droit global, avec C. Bricteur (dir.), Bruylant, 2018.
@book{frydman_nd_defis_droit_global_bricteux, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les défis du droit global}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2017}, pages = {7--24} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les défis du droit global PB - Bruylant PY - 2017 SP - 7 EP - 24 ER -
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Les métamorphoses d'AntigoneThe Metamorphoses of AntigoneBenoit Frydman · Textes des conférences de la Chaire Michel Villey 2015Book Chapter2017FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman argues that natural law functions not merely as a tool for contesting established order but fundamentally as an epistemological workshop in which legal representations, operative concepts, instruments, and techniques have been progressively forged throughout history. Tracing this pragmatic epistemic function from Athenian democracy through contemporary global law, Frydman demonstrates how natural law in its varying denominations has concretely shaped the organization of positive law and the production of practical legal tools, particularly confronting contemporary algorithmic and technological transformations of legal governance.
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« Les métamorphoses d'Antigone », textes des conférences de la Chaire Michel Villey 2015, Droit et Philosophie, vol. VIII, Dalloz, 2017, pp. 111-167.
@incollection{frydman_2017_metamorphoses_antigone, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les métamorphoses d'Antigone}, booktitle = {Textes des conférences de la Chaire Michel Villey 2015}, publisher = {Dalloz}, year = {2017}, volume = {VIII}, pages = {111--167} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les métamorphoses d'Antigone BT - Textes des conférences de la Chaire Michel Villey 2015 PB - Dalloz PY - 2017 VL - VIII SP - 111 EP - 167 ER -
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Mondialisation et sources du droitGlobalization and sources of lawBenoit Frydman · La mondialisationBook Chapter2017FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This general report synthesizes national data on the impact of globalization on positive law using a pragmatic comparative method. Benoit Frydman examines the penetration of 'soft law' instruments (international recommendations, ISO standards, 'rule of law' indices) into national legal orders through non-traditional channels, described as 'unidentified legal objects', as well as the reactions of States adopting defensive and offensive measures. The study of twelve jurisdictions reveals that global normative competition induces observable, sometimes profound, changes affecting most legal orders, in both civil law and common law systems.
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« Mesurer l'impact de la mondialisation sur les droits nationaux. Rapport général sur la mondialisation et sources du droit », in La mondialisation, Journées allemandes de l'Association Capitant, vol. 66, Larcier, 2017, pp.
@incollection{frydman_2016_mondialisation_sources_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Mondialisation et sources du droit}, booktitle = {La mondialisation}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2017}, volume = {66} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Mondialisation et sources du droit BT - La mondialisation PB - Larcier PY - 2017 VL - 66 ER -
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Paul Otlet et le droit mondialPaul Otlet and Global LawBenoit Frydman · L'interprétation. Un dictionnaire philosophiqueBook Chapter2017FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman traces the intellectual formation and historical context of Paul Otlet (1868-1944), a polymath scholar from Brussels who developed his legal thought within the framework of the Belgian 'sociological turn' at the end of the 19th century. This period was marked by the conflict between the neo-Thomist reaction at Louvain and the emergence of positivist and progressive thought at the Université libre de Bruxelles. Trained within the 'École de Bruxelles' by innovative jurists such as Guillaume De Greef, who conceived of law as a product of society and an instrument for its reform, Otlet embodies a first generation of Belgian intellectuals convinced that positive science could solve social problems and contribute to progress. It is in this intellectual context of interdisciplinarity and social engagement that Otlet undertook a decisive collaboration with Henri La Fontaine in 1892 and founded the Office bibliographique in 1893, the first milestone in his vast project to catalog and organize legal and social knowledge on a global scale.
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« Le droit » in C. Berner et D. Thouard (dir.), L'interprétation. Un dictionnaire philosophique, Paris, Vrin, 2015, pp. 132-138.
@incollection{frydman_2015_droit_mondial_selon_paul, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Paul Otlet et le droit mondial}, booktitle = {L'interprétation. Un dictionnaire philosophique}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2017}, pages = {195--211} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Paul Otlet et le droit mondial BT - L'interprétation. Un dictionnaire philosophique PB - Bruylant PY - 2017 SP - 195 EP - 211 ER -
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Adapter les études aux évolutions du droitAdapting Legal Education to the Evolutions of LawBenoit Frydman · NovellesMagazine / Press Article2016FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman outlines six convictions regarding the adaptation of legal education to contemporary transformations: creating a master's degree in European law, generalizing study abroad programs, integrating the digital revolution into legal curricula, anticipating the impact of computing and algorithms on legal practice, preparing students for the evolution of legal professions in the face of increased competition, and cultivating interdisciplinarity in accordance with the pragmatist and pluralist tradition of the Brussels School, which conceives of law not as a given, but as a construction made by its actors.
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« Adapter les études aux évolutions du droit », Novelles, septembre 2016, pp. 11-12.
@article{frydman_2016_adapter_etudes_aux_evolutions, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Adapter les études aux évolutions du droit}, journal = {Novelles}, year = {2016}, pages = {11--12} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Adapter les études aux évolutions du droit JO - Novelles PY - 2016 SP - 11 EP - 12 ER -
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De l'étude à l'enseignement du droit globalFrom the Study to the Teaching of Global LawBenoit Frydman, G. Lewkowicz et Arnaud Van Waeyenberge · La transnationalisation de l'enseignement du droitBook Chapter2016FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman, Gregory Lewkowicz, and Arnaud Van Waeyenberge analyze the global turn in legal science and its pedagogical implications, challenging the traditional methodological nationalism centered on the nation-state. The authors observe the emergence of global law as a sub-discipline characterized by a great diversity of theoretical approaches (natural law, global constitutionalism, legal pluralism, systemic approaches, the New Haven School, and Global South theories). Aligning with the pragmatic approach of the Brussels School, they present their experiences teaching global law across several European and Latin American universities, demonstrating how this approach enables students to understand new emerging normativities beyond the classical framework of the nation-state.
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« De la recherche à l'enseignement du droit global », avec G. Lewkowicz et Arnaud Van Waeyenberge, in La transnationalisation de l'enseignement du droit, P. Ancel et L. Heuschling (dir.), Larcier, 2016, pp. 241-254.
@incollection{frydman_nd_etude_enseignement_droit_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Lewkowicz, G. and Van Waeyenberge, Arnaud}, title = {De l'étude à l'enseignement du droit global}, booktitle = {La transnationalisation de l'enseignement du droit}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2016}, pages = {241--254} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Lewkowicz, G. AU - Van Waeyenberge, Arnaud TI - De l'étude à l'enseignement du droit global BT - La transnationalisation de l'enseignement du droit PB - Larcier PY - 2016 SP - 241 EP - 254 ER -
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Diálogo internacional dos juízes e a perspectiva ideal de justiça universalThe international dialogue of judges and the ideal perspective of universal justiceBenoit Frydman · Diálogos Jurisdicionais e Direitos HumanosBook Chapter2016PT
Written in Portuguese — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyse le phénomène du dialogue judiciaire transnational comme une manifestation du déclin du positivisme juridique étatique et de l'évolution de l'autorité judiciaire au-delà des frontières nationales. Il retrace la manière dont les juges de différentes juridictions interagissent par le biais de mécanismes institutionnels formels et de réseaux informels, créant ainsi une communauté judiciaire internationale liée par une éthique professionnelle partagée et un engagement commun envers la justice universelle. Cependant, Benoit Frydman soutient que ce dialogue masque des luttes politiques plus profondes au sein desquelles différentes juridictions et cultures juridiques rivalisent pour imposer leurs propres conceptions du droit, révélant que le consensus apparent autour de la justice universelle dissimule un conflit fondamental où les États puissants cherchent à dominer la formulation du droit transnational.
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« Diálogo internacional dos juízes e a perspectiva ideal de justiça universal » in Piovesan Flávia, Saldahna Jânia Maria Lopes, Diálogos Jurisdicionais e Direitos Humanos, Brasília: Gazeta Jurídica, 2016, p. 15-32.
@incollection{frydman_2016_dialogo_internacional_dos_juizes, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Diálogo internacional dos juízes e a perspectiva ideal de justiça universal}, booktitle = {Diálogos Jurisdicionais e Direitos Humanos}, publisher = {Gazeta Jurídica}, year = {2016}, pages = {15--32} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Diálogo internacional dos juízes e a perspectiva ideal de justiça universal BT - Diálogos Jurisdicionais e Direitos Humanos PB - Gazeta Jurídica PY - 2016 SP - 15 EP - 32 ER -
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L'ordre juridique: un concept historiquement situéThe Legal Order: A Historically Situated ConceptBenoit Frydman · Penser l'ordre juridique médiéval et moderneBook Chapter2016FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman argues that the legal order is fundamentally a historically contingent paradigm rather than an ontological necessity, tracing its emergence to classical seventeenth-century geometric rationality and the scientific revolution. While this paradigm proved enormously useful for organizing coherent national legal systems through codification and axiomatized natural law theory, Frydman demonstrates that contemporary jurisprudence faces a crisis as this analytical tool becomes inadequate for understanding global legal phenomena that traverse multiple legal orders or exist entirely outside established hierarchical systems. Frydman advocates for pragmatic abandonment of the legal order concept when addressing transnational legal interactions, arguing that practitioners and theorists benefit from recognizing this paradigm as one useful instrument among others.
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« L'ordre juridique, un concept historiquement situé », in N. Laurent-Bonne et X. Prévost (eds), Penser l'ordre juridique médiéval et moderne, Paris, Lextenso, 2016, pp. 43-57.
@incollection{frydman_2016_ordre_juridique_concept_historiquement, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'ordre juridique: un concept historiquement situé}, booktitle = {Penser l'ordre juridique médiéval et moderne}, publisher = {Lextenso}, year = {2016}, pages = {43--57} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'ordre juridique: un concept historiquement situé BT - Penser l'ordre juridique médiéval et moderne PB - Lextenso PY - 2016 SP - 43 EP - 57 ER -
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La concurrence normative européenne et globaleEuropean and Global Normative CompetitionBenoit Frydman · La concurrence règlementaire, sociale et fiscale dans l'Union européenneBook Chapter2016FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines normative competition—the rivalry between national legal orders as legal subjects increasingly choose jurisdictions and rules favorable to their interests—analyzing how globalization has transformed state law into a marketable commodity subject to demand. Distinguishing regulatory competition (competitive deregulation by states) from the broader phenomenon of normative competition, Frydman traces the historical origins of the concept and its contemporary manifestations through legal engineering and complex transnational instruments. The analysis reveals how non-state normativity—ISO technical standards, IFRS accounting rules, and private professional standard-setting bodies—increasingly competes with and marginalizes traditional state law, challenging conventional conceptions of sovereignty.
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« La concurrence normative européenne et globale » in E. Carpano, M. Chastagnaret et E. Mazuyer (eds.), La concurrence règlementaire, sociale et fiscale dans l'Union européenne, Bruxelles, Larcier, 2016, pp. 15-36.
@incollection{frydman_2016_concurrence_normative_europeenne_globale, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La concurrence normative européenne et globale}, booktitle = {La concurrence règlementaire, sociale et fiscale dans l'Union européenne}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2016}, pages = {15--36} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La concurrence normative européenne et globale BT - La concurrence règlementaire, sociale et fiscale dans l'Union européenne PB - Larcier PY - 2016 SP - 15 EP - 36 ER -
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Les juges dans la démocratieJudges in DemocracyBenoit Frydman · Centre PerelmanReport / Working Paper2016FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes the constitutive tension between the aristocratic nature of the judiciary and its essential role in a liberal democracy. He argues that the Belgian constitutional order has established three main principles designed to democratize the functioning of justice: first, free access to justice for all as a fundamental right; second, the public nature of hearings and judicial decisions; and third, the direct participation of citizens through lay magistrates and the jury. However, the article notes that judicial institutions face increasing difficulties in genuinely accommodating the press, the media, and the institution of the jury within the democratic debate. Furthermore, they risk being further compromised by judicial management reforms which, if they do not strictly respect the principles of explicit legality and internal accountability, threaten the independence of the judiciary and the safeguarding of the rule of law.
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« Les juges dans la démocratie », texte de l'intervention au Colloque sur La démocratisation des structures judiciaires organisé par l'Association Syndicale des Magistrats à l'ULB le 10 mars 2016, Working Paper du Centre Perelman, http://www.philodroit.be/IMG/pdf/bf-lesjuges-2016, n° 1.pdf.
@article{frydman_2016_juges_dans_democratie, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les juges dans la démocratie}, publisher = {Centre Perelman}, year = {2016} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les juges dans la démocratie PB - Centre Perelman PY - 2016 ER -
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O fim do Estado de Direito: Governar por Standards e IndicadoresGoverning by Standards and Indicators: From Hume to RankingsBenoit Frydman · Livraria do Advogado ed.Monograph / Book2016PT
Written in Portuguese — title, summary and keywords translated
This text presents a collective work that examines the growing role of technical norms (standards) and management and classification devices (indicators) in the regulation of contemporary societies, challenging the traditional focus of legal philosophy and theory on classical sources. Edited by Benoit Frydman and Arnaud Van Waeyenberge, the volume adopts the pragmatic methodology of the Brussels School to analyze how these alternative forms of normativity compete with legal rules and institutions, especially in transnational and global contexts. The work seeks to bridge the gap between legal theory and the contemporary realities of regulation through technical standards and indicators, ranging from ISO norms to financial rating agencies and global rankings.
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O fim de Estado de Direito. Governar por standards e indicatores, trad. M.B. Krug & Pr. J.M. Lopes Saldhania, Porto Alegre, Livraria do Advogado ed., 2016.
@book{frydman_nd_governar_por_standars_e, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {O fim do Estado de Direito: Governar por Standards e Indicadores}, publisher = {Livraria do Advogado ed.}, year = {2016} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - O fim do Estado de Direito: Governar por Standards e Indicadores PB - Livraria do Advogado ed. PY - 2016 ER -
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Repenser la science du droit. Penser le droit global sans l'ordre juridiqueBenoit Frydman · Traité des rapports en ordres juridiquesBook Chapter2016FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
La doctrine envisage le plus souvent le droit mondial, selon le prisme du nationalisme méthodologique, soit comme le droit international public, soit, dans une perspective pluralisme, sous la forme des relations entre les ordres juridiques (étatiques, régionaux, international). Benoit Frydman présente une approche différente dans sa philosophie du droit global. Il montre que le concept d'ordre juridique, jugé encore central par les juristes contemporains, est dépassé pour comprendre le droit au niveau mondial. Dans le champ global, coexistent nombres de règles et de normes appartenant à des ordres différents, qui se conjuguent ou se contrecarrent et dont les interactions produisent des effets juridiques observables qui constituent le droit mondial.
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« Repenser la science du droit. Penser le droit global sans l'ordre juridique », in B. Bonnet (dir.), Traité des rapports en ordres juridiques, Paris, LGDJ, 2016, pp. 279-282.
@incollection{frydman_2016_repenser_science_droit_penser, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Repenser la science du droit. Penser le droit global sans l'ordre juridique}, booktitle = {Traité des rapports en ordres juridiques}, publisher = {LGDJ}, year = {2016}, pages = {279--282} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Repenser la science du droit. Penser le droit global sans l'ordre juridique BT - Traité des rapports en ordres juridiques PB - LGDJ PY - 2016 SP - 279 EP - 282 ER -
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A Pragmatic Approach to Global LawBenoit Frydman · Global Governance Implications of Private International LawBook Chapter2015EN
Benoit Frydman proposes a pragmatic methodology for understanding global law by moving beyond the abstract question of whether global law "exists" to analyzing the concrete emergence of new regulatory forms from transnational relations and globalized governance. Rather than grounding his approach in pre-existing theory, Frydman and the Perelman Centre conduct empirical field studies of sectors particularly affected by globalization—including internet regulation, climate change, corporate social responsibility, human rights transnational litigation, and financial regulation—to identify and conceptualize "Unidentified Normative Objects" (UNOs), regulatory devices whose legal character is uncertain but which produce regulatory effects. Through detailed case studies and examination of technical standards, Frydman demonstrates that global law operates through hybrid arrangements combining private norms, public rules, and technological constraints, functioning analogously to technical standards in their drafting through expert consensus, voluntary adoption, and gradual improvement mechanisms.
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« A Pragmatic Approach to Global Law », in H. Muir Watt and D. Arroyo, Global Governance Implications of Private International Law, Oxford U. P., 2015, pp. 181-200.
@incollection{frydman_2015_pragmatic_approach_to_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {A Pragmatic Approach to Global Law}, booktitle = {Global Governance Implications of Private International Law}, publisher = {Oxford U. P.}, year = {2015}, pages = {181--200}, doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727620.003.0010} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - A Pragmatic Approach to Global Law BT - Global Governance Implications of Private International Law PB - Oxford U. P. PY - 2015 SP - 181 EP - 200 DO - 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727620.003.0010 ER -
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Christine Matray au Conseil Supérieur de la JusticeChristine Matray at the High Council of JusticeBenoit Frydman · Contestation, combats et utopies. Liber amicorum Christine MatrayBook Chapter2015FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This personal tribute describes the four-year collaboration between Benoit Frydman and Christine Matray at the Belgian High Council of Justice, documenting Matray's essential role both in the creation of the Council by reforming the appointment of magistrates to distance it from the partisan political control of the D'Hondt system, and in her critical work within the institution to promote its proper mission with institutional dignity. Through their shared service on the advisory and investigative commission examining complaints related to the justice system, Benoit Frydman learned to perceive justice concretely, recognizing the systemic dysfunctions and human realities hidden beneath formal procedures, while observing Matray's constant commitment to advancing her principles despite institutional constraints and bi-communal political tensions.
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" Christine Matray au Conseil Supérieur de la Justice", in Contestation, combats et utopies. Liber amicorum Christine Matray, Bruxelles, Larcier, 2015, pp. 183-190.
@incollection{frydman_nd_christine_matray_au_conseil, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Christine Matray au Conseil Supérieur de la Justice}, booktitle = {Contestation, combats et utopies. Liber amicorum Christine Matray}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2015}, pages = {183--190} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Christine Matray au Conseil Supérieur de la Justice BT - Contestation, combats et utopies. Liber amicorum Christine Matray PB - Larcier PY - 2015 SP - 183 EP - 190 ER -
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Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre des Représentants : la suppression par la loi des compétences du jury est inconstitutionnelleIntervention before the Justice Committee of the Chamber of RepresentativesBenoit Frydman · Rapport de la première lecture fait au nom de la Commission de la Justice sur le projet de loi dit « Pot-Pourri II » (DP Chambre, 2015-2016, doc. 54, 1418/005)Report / Working Paper2015FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman argues before the Justice Committee of the Chamber of Representatives that the "Pot Pourri II" bill is unconstitutional in that it aims to de facto abolish the lay jury by allowing the systematic downgrading (correctionnalisation) of all serious crimes, which should normally be tried by the Court of Assizes. This violates Article 150 of the Constitution and the principle of the natural judge established by Article 13 of the Constitution, as well as Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The intervention demonstrates that the bill lacks a rigorous analysis of current costs and expected actual savings, and that less damaging alternatives to the constitutional order exist, notably reducing the number of professional judges. The speaker warns that this procedural violation gravely threatens the rule of law and democratic institutions within a European context of institutional crisis and rising perils.
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Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre des Représentants : la suppression par la loi des compétences du jury est inconstitutionnelle, Rapport de la première lecture fait au nom de la Commission de la Justice sur le projet de loi dit « Pot-Pourri II » (DP Chambre, 2015, n° 2016, doc. 54, 1418/005), Chambre des Représentants, 2015.
@article{frydman_2015_intervention_commission_justice_chambre, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre des Représentants : la suppression par la loi des compétences du jury est inconstitutionnelle}, journal = {Rapport de la première lecture fait au nom de la Commission de la Justice sur le projet de loi dit « Pot-Pourri II » (DP Chambre, 2015-2016, doc. 54, 1418/005)}, publisher = {Chambre des Représentants}, year = {2015}, pages = {p. 275--278 et p. 294--296.} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre des Représentants : la suppression par la loi des compétences du jury est inconstitutionnelle JO - Rapport de la première lecture fait au nom de la Commission de la Justice sur le projet de loi dit « Pot-Pourri II » (DP Chambre, 2015-2016, doc. 54, 1418/005) PB - Chambre des Représentants PY - 2015 SP - p. 275 EP - 278 et p. 294-296. ER -
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Legal Pluralism and Global LawBenoit Frydman et William Twining · Journal of Legal PluralismJournal Article2015EN
This preface to the Journal of Legal Pluralism argues that global law should be understood not as a unified legal system but as a pragmatic response to globalization that regulates issues emerging from multiple legal systems and actors. Frydman and Twining distinguish between ordered pluralism, which focuses on relationships between legal orders, and radical pluralism, which emphasizes actors' strategic behavior and normative competition. They advocate for the Brussels School's radical pluralistic approach, which extends beyond formal law to include normative pluralism (technical norms and standards) and acknowledges axiological pluralism, positioning law as a battlefield of competing values rather than seeking consensus.
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« A Symposium on Global Law, Legal Pluralism and Legal Indicators », coauteur avec William Twining, in Journal of Legal Pluralism, vol. 47, issue 1, 2015, p. 1-8 (Special Issue on Global Law, Legal Pluralism and Legal Indicators, directed by David Amariles-Restrepo).
@article{frydman_2014_legal_pluralism_global_law, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Twining, William}, title = {Legal Pluralism and Global Law}, journal = {Journal of Legal Pluralism}, year = {2015}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {1--8}, doi = {10.1080/07329113.2015.1030210} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Twining, William TI - Legal Pluralism and Global Law JO - Journal of Legal Pluralism PY - 2015 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 8 DO - 10.1080/07329113.2015.1030210 ER -
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Préface à La procédure garante de la liberté d'informationPreface to 'Procedure as a Guarantor of Freedom of Information'Benoit Frydman · La procédure garante de la liberté d'informationPreface / Foreword2015FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this preface, Benoit Frydman and Françoise Tulkens examine Jacques Englebert's contribution to the protection of freedom of expression and the press through the study of procedural rules. The authors demonstrate that these procedural rules, often overlooked, form a coherent legal regime derogating from ordinary law that guarantees specific protection against public interference and excessive repression. The preface also highlights the importance of the 'proceduralization' of human rights in the jurisprudence of the European Court and clarifies the crucial distinction between the judicial sphere and the space of public debate, arguing that conflating these domains would reintroduce judicial control over democratic debate, which would be incompatible with freedom of expression.
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Préface à La procédure garante de la liberté d'information, Larcier, 2015.
@article{frydman_2015_preface, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Préface à La procédure garante de la liberté d'information}, journal = {La procédure garante de la liberté d'information}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2015} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Préface à La procédure garante de la liberté d'information JO - La procédure garante de la liberté d'information PB - Larcier PY - 2015 ER -
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Préface à Nouveaux instruments juridiques de l'Union européenne - Évolution de la méthode communautairePreface to 'New Legal Instruments of the European Union - Evolution of the Community Method'Benoit Frydman · n. p.Preface / Foreword2015FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman introduces Arnaud Van Waeyenberge's book dedicated to the new modes of regulation in the European Union that depart from the traditional 'Community method'. The study reveals a parallel universe of European governance across various fields—water, chemicals, climate, employment, accounting, financial services—employing innovative regulatory instruments: codes of conduct, indicators, benchmarks, technical standards, and peer review. Rather than rejecting these instruments as non-legal based on formalistic criteria, Van Waeyenberge argues for a pragmatic extension of judicial review to these new normative modalities in order to guarantee respect for constitutional principles and the rights of European citizens.
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Préface au livre d'A. Van Waeyenberge, Nouveaux instruments juridiques de l'Union européenne – évolution de la méthode communautaire, Bruxelles, Larcier, collection Europe(s), 2015.
@article{frydman_2014_preface, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Préface à Nouveaux instruments juridiques de l'Union européenne - Évolution de la méthode communautaire}, year = {2015} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Préface à Nouveaux instruments juridiques de l'Union européenne - Évolution de la méthode communautaire PY - 2015 ER -
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v° Droit in L'interprétationEntry 'Law' in the Dictionary of HermeneuticsBenoit Frydman · n. p.Book Chapter2015FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman's dictionary entry on legal hermeneutics traces its origins to the tradition of interpreting religious texts (Torah, Bible) merged with the Greek rhetorical tradition, and examines the modern tension between classical hermeneutic methods and the project of establishing the application of law as an exact science. Benoit Frydman examines fundamental questions: do judges have the power to interpret the law? Should interpretation follow the historical intention of the legislator? Does interpretation allow for the rational resolution of hard cases? He critiques the legal positivism of Kelsen and Hart, who deny any rationality to interpretation, preferring Ronald Dworkin's 'chain novel' approach and procedural frameworks that value adversarial debate.
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« Le droit » in C. Berner et D. Thouard (dir.), L'interprétation. Un dictionnaire philosophique, Paris, Vrin, 2015, pp. 132-138.
@incollection{frydman_2011_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {v° Droit in L'interprétation}, year = {2015} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - v° Droit in L'interprétation PY - 2015 ER -
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Audition aux états généraux de la presse et des médiasHearing at the Estates General of the Press and MediaBenoit Frydman · Les Etats généraux des médias d'information au Parlement de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles : Constats, Analyses, DébatsReport / Working Paper2014FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman presents a fundamental conception of freedom of the press as a constitutive rule of democracy, not merely as an individual right but also as a limitation on public power regarding public debate. Strictly distinguishing between preventive measures (censorship, publication bans) and repressive measures (post facto sanctions), he asserts that only the latter are compatible with the democratic order. Benoit Frydman extends this protection beyond professional journalists to all media contributors, and reserves public intervention for exceptional cases of an 'overriding imperative of public interest'—notably direct incitements to violence—rather than the broad category of 'hate speech'.
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Audition aux états généraux de la presse et des médias, Les Etats généraux des médias d'information au Parlement de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles : Constats, Analyses, Débats, PFWB, 2014.
@article{frydman_2012_audition_aux_etats_generaux, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Audition aux états généraux de la presse et des médias}, journal = {Les Etats généraux des médias d'information au Parlement de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles : Constats, Analyses, Débats}, publisher = {PFWB}, year = {2014} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Audition aux états généraux de la presse et des médias JO - Les Etats généraux des médias d'information au Parlement de la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles : Constats, Analyses, Débats PB - PFWB PY - 2014 ER -
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L'économie de marché n'est ni juste, ni injusteThe market economy is neither just nor unjustBenoit Frydman · L'EchoMagazine / Press Article2014FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this interview, Benoit Frydman outlines his pragmatist vision of law in the face of globalization by diagnosing a weakening of national states, which allows economic actors to practice 'forum shopping'—selecting the most favorable regime for their operations from among the two hundred existing national legal systems—thus creating a global market of laws rather than a unified global law. Instead of seeking an ideal global law, Benoit Frydman proposes a pragmatic approach inspired by the Brussels School, based on the concrete study of law as it is made and the gradual improvement of the existing legal regime. Through the examples of credit rating agencies, Google, and major corporations such as Nike and Apple, he illustrates how these actors have progressively become regulators, forming a model of co-regulation where norms are produced through the dynamic interaction between private and public actors.
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« L'économie de marché n'est ni juste, ni injuste », L'Echo, 2014.
@article{frydman_2014_economie_marche_n_est, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'économie de marché n'est ni juste, ni injuste}, publisher = {L'Echo}, year = {2014}, pages = {21} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'économie de marché n'est ni juste, ni injuste PB - L'Echo PY - 2014 SP - 21 ER -
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Petit manuel pratique de droit globalA Short Practical Manual of Global LawBenoit Frydman · Ed. de l'Académie Royale de BelgiqueMonograph / Book2014FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman presents an accessible practical manual on global law as a tool to make the world more just in the context of globalization and European integration. The work traces a genealogy of universal law from the Roman law of nations through natural law traditions to modern international law, highlighting how legal thought has striven to found law on universal reason rather than religious authority. Rooted in the pragmatist tradition of the Brussels School, the manual provides readers with foundational knowledge and techniques to construct and implement regulatory frameworks beyond state-centric models.
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Petit manuel pratique de droit global, Bruxelles, Ed. de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, col. « l'Académie en poche », 2014 (124 pp.).
@book{frydman_2014_petit_manuel_pratique_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Petit manuel pratique de droit global}, publisher = {Ed. de l'Académie Royale de Belgique}, year = {2014}, volume = {48}, isbn = {978-2-8031-0443-1} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Petit manuel pratique de droit global PB - Ed. de l'Académie Royale de Belgique PY - 2014 VL - 48 SN - 978-2-8031-0443-1 ER -
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Réaliser la démocratie à l'échelle globaleRealizing Democracy on a Global ScaleBenoit Frydman · La démocratie. Mais qu'en pensent les juristes ?Book Chapter2014FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the complex challenge of realizing democracy on a global scale, analyzing three interdependent levels: the consolidation of state democracies in the face of globalization's transformations, regional integration in Europe, and, above all, the urgent democratization of global governance structures characterized by a glaring democratic deficit. The article explores constitutional engineering approaches aimed at adapting the democratic model to the regional and planetary levels, aligning with the Kantian tradition. However, Benoit Frydman acknowledges the major limitations of purely procedural reforms: global solidarity remains scarce, and the equitable redistribution of resources is largely failing.
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« Réaliser la démocratie à l'échelle globale », in A. Viala, dir., La démocratie. Mais qu'en pensent les juristes ?, Paris, Lextenso éd., 2014, pp. 105-128.
@incollection{frydman_2012_realiser_democratie_echelle_globale, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Réaliser la démocratie à l'échelle globale}, booktitle = {La démocratie. Mais qu'en pensent les juristes ?}, publisher = {Lextenso éd.}, year = {2014}, pages = {109--132} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Réaliser la démocratie à l'échelle globale BT - La démocratie. Mais qu'en pensent les juristes ? PB - Lextenso éd. PY - 2014 SP - 109 EP - 132 ER -
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Renouveau et avancée dans la définition du droitRenewal and Advancement in the Definition of LawBenoit Frydman · Recueil DallozJournal Article2014FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes Remy Libchaber's contribution to legal theory, particularly his innovative definition of the legal order. The author highlights the ambition of the project and its dialectical method, which proceeds through the successive overcoming of contradictions, integrating rather than excluding philosophy and the social sciences. Libchaber presents law both as a multiple discourse and as an institutional apparatus, fully embracing what he calls 'a profound legal reality: law is disorder'. The work reintroduces dynamism into the legal definition, presenting law as a living reality in constant evolution, as a practical technique and an art indispensable to social life, rather than as an abstract and purified system.
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« Renouveau et avancée dans la définition du droit : au sujet de L'ordre juridique et le discours du droit de Rémy Libchaber », Recueil Dalloz, 2014, pp. 989-991.
@article{frydman_2014_renouveau_avancee_dans_definition, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Renouveau et avancée dans la définition du droit}, journal = {Recueil Dalloz}, year = {2014}, pages = {989--991} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Renouveau et avancée dans la définition du droit JO - Recueil Dalloz PY - 2014 SP - 989 EP - 991 ER -
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Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankingsGoverning by Standards and Indicators: From Hume to RankingsBenoit Frydman et A. Van Waeyenberge · BruylantMonograph / Book2013FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This collective work, coordinated by Benoit Frydman and A. Van Waeyenberge, investigates technical standards and management and evaluation indicators (rankings) as growing forms of normativity that regulate contemporary social life at all levels, from the local to the global, but which have long escaped the attention of legal philosophy and theory. Combining detailed empirical studies (ISO standards, ISO 26000 certification, credit rating agencies, the World Bank's 'Rule of Law' indicator, the standardization of universities and justice) with a philosophical history of the norm tracing back from David Hume to Michel Foucault, via Jeremy Bentham and John Dewey, the volume defends the thesis that the globalization of law is accompanied by a profound change in dominant normative techniques: the emergence of management standards and indicators that compete with and supplement the classical sources of law and its traditional institutions. Rooted in the pragmatic method of the Brussels School, the book thus intends to reopen the horizon of legal scholars to these different forms of effective regulation and to the fundamental questions they raise regarding the future of our modes of governance and collective life.
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Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankings, avec A. Van Waeyenberge, Bruylant, 2013.
@book{frydman_2013_gouverner_par_standards_indicateurs, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Van Waeyenberge, A.}, title = {Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankings}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2013} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Van Waeyenberge, A. TI - Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankings PB - Bruylant PY - 2013 ER -
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L'arrêt RTBF c. Belgique : un coup d'arrêt au contrôle judiciaire préventif de la presse et des médiasThe RTBF v. Belgium Judgment: A Halt to Preventive Judicial Control of the Press and the MediaBenoit Frydman et C Bricteux · Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'hommeJournal Article2013FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman and Caroline Bricteux analyse the RTBF v. Belgium judgment delivered by the European Court of Human Rights on 29 March 2011, in which Belgium was found in violation for having imposed a preventive ban on the broadcasting of a television documentary examining medical risks, on the ground that it seriously damaged the professional reputation of a neurosurgeon. The authors show that this judgment marks a major turning point in European case law on freedom of the press, the European Court now requiring that preventive judicial measures concerning the press and the media rest upon a strict legal framework expressly laying down their principle and precisely organising their arrangements, subject to rigorous review. The judgment effectively puts an end to a contested Belgian legal practice whereby judges sitting in summary proceedings exercised preventive censorship, thereby strengthening the European protection of press freedom by establishing that the absence of an adequate legal framework renders preventive measures incompatible with Article 10 of the Convention.
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« L'arrêt RTBF c. Belgique : un coup d'arrêt au contrôle judiciaire préventif de la presse et des médias », avec C. Bricteux, Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme, 2013, pp. 331-350.
@article{frydman_2013_arret_rtbf_c_belgique, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Bricteux, C}, title = {L'arrêt RTBF c. Belgique : un coup d'arrêt au contrôle judiciaire préventif de la presse et des médias}, journal = {Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme}, publisher = {Anthemis}, year = {2013}, volume = {94}, pages = {331--350} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Bricteux, C TI - L'arrêt RTBF c. Belgique : un coup d'arrêt au contrôle judiciaire préventif de la presse et des médias JO - Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme PB - Anthemis PY - 2013 VL - 94 SP - 331 EP - 350 ER -
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La pensée juridique de Xavier DieuxThe Legal Thought of Xavier DieuxBenoit Frydman · Droit, morale et marchéPreface / Foreword2013FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
The preface by Benoit Frydman presents Xavier Dieux as the most brilliant representative of the Brussels School. It outlines the legal work of Xavier Dieux in three parts, highlighting how his first major book revolutionized the law of obligations by replacing voluntarist subjectivism with a pragmatic approach based on the legitimate inferences that third parties can draw from behaviors and statements. The present collection, 'Droit, morale et marché', gathers the major articles of Xavier Dieux over a thirty-year period, demonstrating the unity of his legal thought despite significant developments in positive law. Influenced by Hayekian ordoliberalism while pursuing more ambitious social and functional objectives, Xavier Dieux illustrates the 'reflective internal point of view' characteristic of the pragmatism of the Brussels School, using fundamental principles as both flexible and solid foundations to build balanced and innovative legal solutions.
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« La pensée juridique de Xavier Dieux », in X. Dieux, Droit, morale et marché, Bruylant, 2013, pp. 7-27.
@article{frydman_2013_pensee_juridique_xavier_dieux, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La pensée juridique de Xavier Dieux}, journal = {Droit, morale et marché}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2013}, pages = {7--27} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La pensée juridique de Xavier Dieux JO - Droit, morale et marché PB - Bruylant PY - 2013 SP - 7 EP - 27 ER -
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Le pouvoir normatif des agences de notationThe Normative Power of Credit Rating AgenciesBenoit Frydman · Les agences de notation entre les Etats et les marchésBook Chapter2013FR
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Benoit Frydman examines the normative power wielded by credit rating agencies, particularly Moody's, over states and public institutions within globalizing financial markets. Following deliberate financial deregulation from the 1980s, rating agencies emerged as crucial control points in an unprecedented regulatory apparatus for global credit allocation, with their initially private judgments progressively empowered through regulatory incorporation—including Basel II accords, investment restrictions, and accounting mandates. The article traces how privatization of risk assessment, oligopolistic concentration among three major agencies, and establishment of what Frydman terms a tribunal of opinion operate to enforce agency verdicts through market mechanisms. Paradoxically, regulatory responses designed to constrain agency behavior through transparency and accountability ultimately strengthen and institutionalize their dominant position as norm-setters in global financial governance.
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« Le pouvoir normatif des agences de notation », in B. Colmant, X. Dieux et al., Les agences de notation entre les Etats et les marchés, Larcier, 2013, pp. 173-184.
@incollection{frydman_2012_pouvoir_normatif_agences_notation, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le pouvoir normatif des agences de notation}, booktitle = {Les agences de notation entre les Etats et les marchés}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2013}, pages = {173--184} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le pouvoir normatif des agences de notation BT - Les agences de notation entre les Etats et les marchés PB - Larcier PY - 2013 SP - 173 EP - 184 ER -
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Le rapport du droit aux contextes selon l'approche pragmatique de l'École de BruxellesThe Relationship of Law to Contexts According to the Pragmatic Approach of the Brussels SchoolBenoit Frydman · Revue Interdisciplinaire d'Etudes JuridiquesJournal Article2013FR
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Benoit Frydman articulates the pragmatic approach of the Brussels School to law, placing context at the heart of legal understanding and practice. Rooted in the tradition of Chaim Perelman and free scientific research, the School apprehends the rule of law not in isolation but through its application in concrete situations, where meaning emerges through judicial reasoning and practical effects. Benoit Frydman describes two interdependent dimensions: legal interpretation drawing on multiple contexts (author's intention, systemic coherence, social application) and legal action within social struggles where the jurist develops and deploys normative instruments through legal engineering. This method recognizes normative pluralism and extends legal analysis beyond formal sources.
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« Le rapport du droit aux contextes selon l'approche pragmatique de l'Ecole de Bruxelles », Revue Interdisciplinaire d'Etudes Juridiques, 2013, pp. 92-98.
@article{frydman_2013_rapport_droit_aux_contextes, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le rapport du droit aux contextes selon l'approche pragmatique de l'École de Bruxelles}, journal = {Revue Interdisciplinaire d'Etudes Juridiques}, publisher = {Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles}, year = {2013}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {92--98}, doi = {10.3917/riej.070.0092}, issn = {0770-2310} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le rapport du droit aux contextes selon l'approche pragmatique de l'École de Bruxelles JO - Revue Interdisciplinaire d'Etudes Juridiques PB - Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles PY - 2013 VL - 70 IS - 1 SP - 92 EP - 98 DO - 10.3917/riej.070.0092 SN - 0770-2310 ER -
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Les agences de notation financièreCredit Rating AgenciesBenoit Frydman, B. Colmant et X. Dieux · LarcierMonograph / Book2013FR
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This table of contents presents a collective volume examining credit rating agencies from several perspectives: their historical development, agency theory, the paradox of delegating powers without appropriate regulatory oversight, issues of democratic legitimacy, European regulatory frameworks, and the normative power these agencies exercise over markets and sovereign States. The collection draws on multidisciplinary contributions to address the challenges of oversight, accountability and legitimacy raised by the oligopolistic structure of rating agencies in the context of global finance.
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Les agences de notation entre les Etats et les marchés, avec B. Colmant, X. Dieux et al., Larcier, 2013.
@book{frydman_nd_agences_notation_financiere, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Colmant, B. and Dieux, X.}, title = {Les agences de notation financière}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2013} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Colmant, B. AU - Dieux, X. TI - Les agences de notation financière PB - Larcier PY - 2013 ER -
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Prendre les standards et les indicateurs au sérieuxTaking Standards and Indicators SeriouslyBenoit Frydman · Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankingsBook Chapter2013FR
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Benoit Frydman examines how technical and managerial standards increasingly compete with classical legal rules in the context of European integration and globalization. Drawing on a pragmatic approach in accordance with the method of the Brussels School, the author demonstrates that the emerging global law is characterized by a profound mutation in the forms and procedures of regulation. Traditional legal theory has long treated technical norms with condescension, considering them subordinate to the law, whereas these technical and managerial norms—ISO standards, performance indicators, benchmark criteria—now exert considerable normative influence. The author outlines a pragmatic research program designed to analyze this competition of normativities, its origins, its logic, and its functioning, particularly its impact on classical political and legal institutions.
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« Prendre les standards et les indicateurs au sérieux » in Frydman, B. et Van Waeyenberge, A., Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankings, Bruylant, 2013, pp. 5-65 .
@incollection{frydman_2013_prendre_standards_indicateurs_au, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Prendre les standards et les indicateurs au sérieux}, booktitle = {Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankings}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2013}, pages = {5--65} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Prendre les standards et les indicateurs au sérieux BT - Gouverner par les standards et les indicateurs : de Hume aux rankings PB - Bruylant PY - 2013 SP - 5 EP - 65 ER -
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Translating Unocal: The Liability of Transnational Corporations for Human Rights ViolationsBenoit Frydman et Ludovic Hennebel · Business and Human RightsBook Chapter2013EN
Benoît Frydman and Ludovic Hennebel examine transnational human rights litigation against multinational corporations through comparative analysis of the Unocal-Total case, in which human rights abuses by the Burmese military connected to the Yadana pipeline project were litigated across jurisdictions—via civil claims under U.S. law and criminal prosecutions in France and Belgium. The authors demonstrate how "legal translation" enables a common accountability concept to be expressed through each jurisdiction's distinct procedures and tools, while identifying significant obstacles and political resistance victims face when seeking justice against foreign companies. They conclude that national jurisdictions should remain open to such complaints against private actors based in rule-of-law states, and suggest that widening access to civil remedies offers a pragmatic avenue for obtaining judicial condemnation and reparation when international and local mechanisms prove insufficient.
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« Translating Unocal : the Liability of Transnational Corporations for Human Rights Violations », avec L. Hennebel, in Manoj Kumar Sinha (ed.), Business and Human Rights, Sage 2013, pp. 211-256.
@incollection{frydman_2008_translating_unocal_liability_transnational, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Hennebel, Ludovic}, title = {Translating Unocal: The Liability of Transnational Corporations for Human Rights Violations}, booktitle = {Business and Human Rights}, publisher = {Sage}, year = {2013}, pages = {211--256} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Hennebel, Ludovic TI - Translating Unocal: The Liability of Transnational Corporations for Human Rights Violations BT - Business and Human Rights PB - Sage PY - 2013 SP - 211 EP - 256 ER -
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Comment les pouvoirs publics peuvent-ils lutter efficacement contre l'incitation à la haine tout en garantissant la liberté d'expression ?How Can Public Authorities Effectively Combat Incitement to Hatred While Guaranteeing Freedom of Expression?Benoit Frydman · Working Papers SeriesJournal Article2012FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the status of hate speech in modern democracies, contrasting the radically opposed approaches of Europe and the United States. In Europe, the historical experience of Nazi totalitarianism has led to a widespread repression of hate speech, whereas in the United States, it enjoys considerable constitutional protection as a variety of political speech. The author analyzes two irreconcilable arguments: the 'slippery slope' argument (the fear that prohibition will expand indefinitely) and the 'fatal slope' argument (the assertion that hate speech necessarily leads to violence). Benoit Frydman adopts a pragmatic perspective, emphasizing that legal measures must be evaluated according to their actual and potential effects, not solely by their intentions.
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« Comment les pouvoirs publics peuvent-ils lutter efficacement contre l'incitation à la haine tout en garantissant la liberté d'expression ? », Working Papers Series, Centre Perelman de Philosophie du Droit, 2012.
@article{frydman_2012_comment_pouvoirs_publics_peuvent, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Comment les pouvoirs publics peuvent-ils lutter efficacement contre l'incitation à la haine tout en garantissant la liberté d'expression ?}, journal = {Working Papers Series}, publisher = {Centre Perelman de Philosophie du Droit}, year = {2012}, number = {2012/03} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Comment les pouvoirs publics peuvent-ils lutter efficacement contre l'incitation à la haine tout en garantissant la liberté d'expression ? JO - Working Papers Series PB - Centre Perelman de Philosophie du Droit PY - 2012 IS - 2012/03 ER -
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Comment penser le droit global ?How to Think About Global Law?Benoit Frydman · La science du droit dans la globalisationBook Chapter2012FR
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Benoit Frydman presents a pragmatic methodology for studying global law by empirically examining the normative phenomena that emerge anarchically in globalized sectors (Internet, climate change, corporate social responsibility, transnational human rights litigation). Rather than presupposing the existence of a coherent global legal order, he identifies 'unidentified legal objects' (ULOs) whose legal status is contested but which effectively produce regulatory effects. The approach distinguishes between the macro-legal perspective (systemic view) and micro-legal analysis, examining how new normativities emerge through voluntary adherence to technical norms and standards rather than through traditional state legal mechanisms.
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« Comment penser le droit global ? », in J.Y. Chérot et B. Frydman, dir., La science du droit dans la globalisation, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2012, pp. 17-48.
@incollection{frydman_2011_comment_penser_droit_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Comment penser le droit global ?}, booktitle = {La science du droit dans la globalisation}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2012}, pages = {17--48} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Comment penser le droit global ? BT - La science du droit dans la globalisation PB - Bruylant PY - 2012 SP - 17 EP - 48 ER -
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Concilier le management avec les valeurs du judiciaireReconciling Management with Judicial ValuesBenoit Frydman · Quel management pour quelle justice ?Book Chapter2012FR
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Benoit Frydman examines the compatibility between the introduction of new public management within the judiciary and the fundamental values of the judicial function. The article identifies four inviolable principles that must frame any managerial reform: the independence of the judiciary vis-a-vis the other branches of government, the independence of the judge in the exercise of the adjudicative function, the legality of procedure, and respect for the principles of fair trial. It further stresses that the act of judging engages an infinite responsibility and a complete freedom of judgement, which are difficult to reconcile with a managerial logic grounded in performance control. Frydman concludes that judicial management must necessarily be a form of self-management exercised by the judiciary itself, so as to preserve the foundations of the rule of law and to prevent this importation of administrative techniques from becoming a 'Trojan horse' within the very apparatus constitutionally entrusted with ensuring the application of the law.
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« Concilier le nouveau management avec les valeurs du judiciaire » in Quel management pour quelle justice ?, Larcier, 2012, pp. 81-88.
@incollection{frydman_2012_concilier_management_avec_valeurs, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Concilier le management avec les valeurs du judiciaire}, booktitle = {Quel management pour quelle justice ?}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2012}, pages = {81--88} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Concilier le management avec les valeurs du judiciaire BT - Quel management pour quelle justice ? PB - Larcier PY - 2012 SP - 81 EP - 88 ER -
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De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridiqueFrom the New Rhetoric to Legal LogicEdited by Benoit Frydman et M. Meyer · Presses Universitaires de FranceMonograph / Book2012FR
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This collective work examines the enduring intellectual influence of Chaïm Perelman on the philosophy of law and rhetorical theory, exploring how his New Rhetoric fundamentally reconceptualized legal reasoning through argumentation, the concept of the universal audience, and the integration of values into rational discourse. The contributors demonstrate how Perelmanian thought has transformed contemporary legal methodology, judicial interpretation, and legal teaching methods within the Brussels School, establishing a pragmatic approach to law that articulates formal logical analysis with the communicative, procedural, and deliberative dimensions essential to democratic justice systems.
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Chaïm Perelman 1912, n° 2012 : De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridique, coéditeur avec M. Meyer, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2012.
@book{frydman_2012_nouvelle_rhetorique_logique_juridique, title = {De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridique}, publisher = {Presses Universitaires de France}, year = {2012}, isbn = {972-2-13-059364-5}, issn = {1159-6120} }TY - BOOK TI - De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridique PB - Presses Universitaires de France PY - 2012 SN - 972-2-13-059364-5 ER -
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La Naissance de l'Auteur: Origines Politique et Juridique d'un Concept LittéraireThe Birth of the Author: Political and Legal Origins of a Literary ConceptBenoit Frydman · International Journal for Semiotics & the LawJournal Article2012FR
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Benoit Frydman traces the genesis of the modern concept of the author, demonstrating that it is primarily a legal and political invention, not a literary one: modern philosophers, particularly Hobbes and Spinoza, deliberately substituted the category of the author (the original creator of a text) for the medieval notion of authority (the established text whose veracity was guaranteed) in order to undermine the regime of scriptural authorities and defend freedom of thought against the monopolized interpretation by doctors of law and religion. This strategic maneuver crystallized around the question 'Who is the author of the Bible?'—by substituting divine auctoritas with an empirical and critical inquiry into the historical circumstances of the drafting, compilation, and transmission of biblical texts—thus making it possible to dethrone Holy Scripture as a source of incontestable authority. However, Frydman shows that this concept of the author, born as a weapon against traditional authoritarianism, gradually established itself as the foundation of modern legal and political orders with such force that even contemporary theories claiming to critique or move beyond it—as shown by the example of Dworkin—cannot free themselves from it, thereby revealing the paradoxical persistence of the auctorial figure at the heart of our modernity.
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« La naissance de l'auteur : aux origines politique et juridique d'un concept littéraire », International Journal for Semiotics & the Law (IJSL), 2012/3, pp. 1-10.
@article{frydman_2012_naissance_auteur_origines_politique, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La Naissance de l'Auteur: Origines Politique et Juridique d'un Concept Littéraire}, journal = {International Journal for Semiotics & the Law}, publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media B.V.}, year = {2012}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {1--10}, doi = {10.1007/s11196-011-9228-7} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La Naissance de l'Auteur: Origines Politique et Juridique d'un Concept Littéraire JO - International Journal for Semiotics & the Law PB - Springer Science+Business Media B.V. PY - 2012 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 10 DO - 10.1007/s11196-011-9228-7 ER -
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La Science du droit dans la globalisationThe Science of Law in a Globalizing WorldEdited by Benoit Frydman et Jean-Yves Chérot · BruylantMonograph / Book2012FR
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This foreword introduces a collective volume arising from the 2010 Aix-en-Provence scientific conferences, which examines how the globalization of law calls for a transformation of traditional legal conceptions and legal theory. It shows in particular that the diversification of normativities and the emergence of supranational and transnational forms of regulation pose distinctive challenges to the science of law. Rather than perpetuating the traditional opposition between analytical theories (Kelsen, Hart) and pragmatic approaches (the Brussels School, Perelman), Benoit Frydman and Jean-Yves Cherot set out to demonstrate that these two currents share common roots in the linguistic and post-metaphysical turn of twentieth-century philosophy, and that they can complement one another in conceiving the dynamic system of norms on a global scale, beyond the traditional state-centred paradigm. The implications of this theoretical synthesis are explored across the major fields of law mobilized or affected by globalization: international law, human rights, European law and constitutional law.
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La science du droit dans la globalisation, coéditeur avec Jean-Yves Chérot, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2012.
@book{frydman_2012_science_droit_dans_globalisation, title = {La Science du droit dans la globalisation}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.3917/bru.chero.2012.01.0017}, isbn = {978-2-8027-3621-9} }TY - BOOK TI - La Science du droit dans la globalisation PB - Bruylant PY - 2012 DO - 10.3917/bru.chero.2012.01.0017 SN - 978-2-8027-3621-9 ER -
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La victime est au cœur de l'action de la justiceThe Victim is at the Heart of Judicial ActionBenoit Frydman · Le LigueurMagazine / Press Article2012FR
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Through a discussion of Adam Smith's theories on sympathy as the emotional foundation of law, Benoit Frydman exposes the central and unresolved tension of contemporary justice: while the victim's suffering naturally generates demands for punishment and vengeance, judicial procedure requires an impartial third party capable of judging dispassionately, without bias, granting the accused maximum procedural protections. He contrasts the American and European systems, establishing that American law entirely excludes the victim from the criminal trial, relegating them to parallel civil remedies, whereas European systems accept limited participation as a 'civil party'. Benoit Frydman analyzes how recent developments toward increased victim involvement in criminal proceedings—participation in investigations, requests for additional inquiries, and hearings prior to parole—create a persistent tension with the classical requirements of impartiality and procedural fairness.
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« La victime est au cœur de l'action de la justice », Le Ligueur, 2012.
@article{frydman_nd_victime_est_au_c, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La victime est au cœur de l'action de la justice}, journal = {Le Ligueur}, year = {2012} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La victime est au cœur de l'action de la justice JO - Le Ligueur PY - 2012 ER -
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Le jury viole-t-il les droits de l'homme ?Does the Jury Violate Human Rights?Benoit Frydman · Justice en ligneMagazine / Press Article2012FR
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Benoit Frydman critiques the Belgian Superior Council of Justice for misrepresenting the European Court of Human Rights' decision in Taxquet v. Belgium to justify abolishing the jury, demonstrating that the ECtHR actually reaffirmed that jury procedures and unmotivated verdicts comply with human rights standards and explicitly stated that no violation occurs in jury trials. The author explains that professional magistrates' hostility toward the jury, while understandable, reflects different judicial cultures with distinct logics and guarantees rather than superior versus inferior systems; moreover, higher acquittal rates in jury trials suggest the institution functions effectively as a safeguard for fundamental rights.
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« Le jury d'assises conforme au procès équitable selon la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme », Justice en ligne, mis en ligne le 26 décembre 2012, adresse : http://www.justice-en-ligne.be/article507.html?utm_source=moteur_jel&utm_medium=textuelle&utm_campaign=recherche.
@article{frydman_2012_jury_viole_t_il, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le jury viole-t-il les droits de l'homme ?}, journal = {Justice en ligne}, year = {2012} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le jury viole-t-il les droits de l'homme ? JO - Justice en ligne PY - 2012 ER -
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Les codes de conduite, sources du droit global ?CODES OF CONDUCT: A SOURCE OF GLOBAL LAW?Benoit Frydman et Gregory Lewkowicz · Les sources du droit revisitées: normativités concurrentesBook Chapter2012FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman and Gregory Lewkowicz examine the omnipresence of codes of conduct in various global regulations to explore whether they constitute an autonomous source of law or a normative phenomenon requiring a rethinking of the theory of sources. The authors demonstrate that codes of conduct, far from being mere auxiliaries to positive law, obey a singular logic that fundamentally departs from the classical approach to law through sources, and suggest that understanding global law potentially requires moving beyond the traditional concept of sources of law.
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« Les codes de conduite, source du droit global ? », avec G. Lewkowicz, in I. Hachez et al. (ed.), Les sources du droit revisitées: normativités concurrentes, Bruxelles, Anthemis, 2012, p. 179- 210.
@incollection{frydman_2011_codes_conduite_source_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Lewkowicz, Gregory}, title = {Les codes de conduite, sources du droit global ?}, booktitle = {Les sources du droit revisitées: normativités concurrentes}, publisher = {Anthemis}, year = {2012}, pages = {179--210}, doi = {10.4000/books.pusl.2157} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Lewkowicz, Gregory TI - Les codes de conduite, sources du droit global ? BT - Les sources du droit revisitées: normativités concurrentes PB - Anthemis PY - 2012 SP - 179 EP - 210 DO - 10.4000/books.pusl.2157 ER -
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Perelman et les juristes de l'Ecole de BruxellesPerelman and the Jurists of the Brussels SchoolBenoit Frydman · Chaïm Perelman (1912-2012) : De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridiqueBook Chapter2012FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman shows how Chaim Perelman and the Brussels School developed an argumentative approach to law that broke decisively with Kelsen's normativist positivism, while situating itself within the tradition of Francois Geny's free scientific research. Through the collective organisation of philosophers, judges, practitioners and jurists of the Universite libre de Bruxelles, Perelman and his colleagues rapidly translated this theoretical innovation in the field of argumentation into profound changes in judicial practice, legal methodology and legal education. This structured school proved more effective than earlier movements at integrating legal theory into the actual operation of legal systems.
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« Perelman et les juristes de l'Ecole de Bruxelles », in B. Frydman et M. Meyer, Chaïm Perelman (1912, n° 2012) : De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridique, Paris, P.U.F., 2012, pp. 229-246.
@incollection{frydman_nd_perelman_juristes_ecole_bruxelles, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Perelman et les juristes de l'Ecole de Bruxelles}, booktitle = {Chaïm Perelman (1912-2012) : De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridique}, publisher = {P.U.F.}, year = {2012}, pages = {229--246} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Perelman et les juristes de l'Ecole de Bruxelles BT - Chaïm Perelman (1912-2012) : De la nouvelle rhétorique à la logique juridique PB - P.U.F. PY - 2012 SP - 229 EP - 246 ER -
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Préface à La théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation. Présomption et argument a fortioriPreface to The Two-Dimensional Theory of Argumentation: Presumption and the A Fortiori ArgumentBenoit Frydman · Théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation juridique. Présomption et argument a fortioriPreface / Foreword2012FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman prefaces Stefan Goltzberg's book as a major contribution that opens innovative paths for legal argumentation beyond the Perelmanian legacy. He identifies two principal innovations: first, the reconciliation of logical reductionism and topical reductionism by demonstrating that certain arguments are logically irreversible while others remain reversible; second, the integration of Oswald Ducrot's theory of argumentation within language, notably the analysis of argumentative markers revealing the syntactic and oriented dimension of discourse. This two-dimensional approach makes it possible to combine the art of adversarial debate with the technical rigour characteristic of legal reasoning.
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Préface au livre de Stefan Goltzberg, Théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation juridique. Présomption et argument a fortiori, Bruylant, 2012.
@article{frydman_2012_preface, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Préface à La théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation. Présomption et argument a fortiori}, journal = {Théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation juridique. Présomption et argument a fortiori}, year = {2012} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Préface à La théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation. Présomption et argument a fortiori JO - Théorie bidimensionnelle de l'argumentation juridique. Présomption et argument a fortiori PY - 2012 ER -
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Public strategies for Internet Co-Regulation in the United States, Europe and ChinaBenoit Frydman, L Hennebel et G Lewkowicz · Cambridge University PressBook Chapter2012EN
Frydman, Hennebel, and Lewkowicz examine how the United States, Europe, and China employ co-regulatory mechanisms to govern the internet, moving beyond traditional state-centric "command and control" models. Co-regulation distributes authority between public and private actors, using intermediaries as strategic regulatory leverage. The authors contrast the American libertarian approach—exemplified by the Communications Decency Act's safe harbors and Good Samaritan provisions—with European co-regulatory frameworks and Chinese state-directed models. The analysis shows that these divergent regulatory strategies produce distinct effects on the rule of law and generate international legal competition. The paper emphasizes that effectiveness alone cannot gauge co-regulation's legitimacy; its impact on adherence to rule of law principles must also be evaluated across jurisdictions.
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"Coregulation and the Rule of Law", avec L. Hennebel, G. Lewkowicz in E. Brousseau, M. Marzouki., C. Meadel, (dir.), Governance, Regulation and Powers on the Internet, Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 133-150.
@incollection{frydman_2012_co_regulation_rule_law, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Hennebel, L and Lewkowicz, G}, title = {Public strategies for Internet Co-Regulation in the United States, Europe and China}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2012}, number = {2007/6}, doi = {10.1017/cbo9781139004145.009} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Hennebel, L AU - Lewkowicz, G TI - Public strategies for Internet Co-Regulation in the United States, Europe and China PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 2012 IS - 2007/6 DO - 10.1017/cbo9781139004145.009 ER -
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Le management comme alternative à la procédureManagement as an Alternative to ProcedureBenoit Frydman · Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des jugesPreface / Foreword2011FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes management as an alternative and competing mode of regulation to law and procedures in contemporary justice. He traces the origins of the new judicial management to the 1990s, when New Public Management techniques were imported from the Anglo-Saxon world to Europe, initially as post-Cold War reforms for countries in transition. The author outlines the technical instruments of the new management—reorganization, processes, and quality indicators—which extend managerial control to complex intellectual work. His central argument is that judicial management represents a fundamental battle between managerial norms and legal rules for the governance of justice itself, where the 'conduct of conducts' through indicators threatens the independence of the judiciary and the principles of the rule of law.
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« Le management comme alternative à la procédure », in B. Frydman et E. Jeuland, Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des juges, Paris, Dalloz, 2011, pp. 101-110.
@article{frydman_2011_management_comme_alternative_procedure, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le management comme alternative à la procédure}, journal = {Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des juges}, publisher = {Dalloz}, year = {2011}, pages = {101--110} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le management comme alternative à la procédure JO - Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des juges PB - Dalloz PY - 2011 SP - 101 EP - 110 ER -
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Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des jugesThe New Management of Justice and the Independence of JudgesBenoit Frydman et Emmanuel Jeuland · DallozMonograph / Book2011FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This collective volume, edited by Emmanuel Jeuland and Benoit Frydman, examines the profound tension between New Public Management imperatives and judicial independence through contributions from magistrates, legal scholars, and court administrators. The preface by Paul Martens argues that managerialism, by introducing axiologically neutral efficiency metrics, risks eroding the humanistic functions of justice in favour of productivity and cost reduction, particularly through quantitative performance indicators. The work highlights a central paradox: whilst the European Court of Human Rights demands both enhanced procedural protections (Salduz, Taxquet) and efficient case management, these demands frequently conflict, requiring legal professionals to actively reshape management practices so as to ensure respect for the principles of law and justice.
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Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des juges, coéditeur avec E. Emmanuel Jeuland, Paris, Dalloz, 2011.
@book{frydman_2011_nouveau_management_justice_independance, author = {Jeuland, Benoit Frydman et Emmanuel}, title = {Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des juges}, publisher = {Dalloz}, year = {2011}, isbn = {978-2-247-11217-3} }TY - BOOK AU - Jeuland, Benoit Frydman et Emmanuel TI - Le nouveau management de la justice et l'indépendance des juges PB - Dalloz PY - 2011 SN - 978-2-247-11217-3 ER -
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Le nouveau management de la justice et l’indépendance des jugesThe New Management of Justice and the Independence of JudgesBenoit Frydman et Emmanuel Jeuland · DallozBook Chapter2011FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman and Emmanuel Jeuland examine the tensions between the application of managerial mechanisms to judicial systems and the constitutional principles of independence and impartiality of judges. The authors analyze this phenomenon in terms of actual efficiency, validity with regard to constitutional law, and legitimacy, questioning whether judicial management constitutes a mere administrative tool or a competing alternative to the law itself.
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« Le nouveau management de la justice et l’indépendance des juges », Dalloz, 2011.
@incollection{frydman_2011_untitled, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Jeuland, Emmanuel}, title = {Le nouveau management de la justice et l’indépendance des juges}, publisher = {Dalloz}, year = {2011} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Jeuland, Emmanuel TI - Le nouveau management de la justice et l’indépendance des juges PB - Dalloz PY - 2011 ER -
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Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridiqueTHE MEANING OF LAWS. A History of Interpretation and Legal ReasoningBenoit Frydman · Éditions BruylantMonograph / Book2011FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
In this preface to the third edition, Benoit Frydman introduces a work devoted to the history of interpretation and legal reasoning in the face of the challenges that globalisation poses to modern legal structures. The author argues that studying the history of legal ideas makes it possible to move beyond obsolete notions and to develop new conceptual tools for analysing the transformations of law. He shows that the history of modern legal doctrine reveals a persistent alternation between competing models of interpretation, a succession of conflicts and ruptures that facilitates our understanding of periods of crisis and transformation such as the one contemporary law is currently undergoing.
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Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique, Paris – Bruxelles, L.G.D.J. – Bruylant, 2005, 2ème éd. 2007, 3ème éd. 2011, 696 pp.
@book{frydman_2011_sens_lois_histoire_interpretation, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique}, publisher = {Éditions Bruylant}, year = {2011} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le sens des lois. Histoire de l'interprétation et de la raison juridique PB - Éditions Bruylant PY - 2011 ER -
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Pente glissante ou pente fatale : de la répression des discours de haine aux risques du politiquement correct pour la démocratieSlippery Slope or Fatal Slope: From the Repression of Hate Speech to the Risks of Political Correctness for DemocracyBenoit Frydman · Rapport annuel 2011 du Centre pour l'égalité des chancesBook Chapter2011FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyses the fundamentally different legal approaches to hate speech in the United States and in Europe, examining whether legal restrictions on such speech are justified or inevitably lead to unacceptable censorship. He develops two antagonistic philosophical positions: the 'slippery slope' argument, which dominates American constitutional law and holds that ill-defined restrictions on hate speech necessarily expand to suppress legitimate speech, as against the 'fatal slope' argument underpinning European law, which asserts that hate speech inevitably leads to violence and therefore requires legal prohibition. The author illustrates these tensions through recent French legislation criminalising denial of the Armenian genocide and brings to light the deeper philosophical divide between American legal pragmatism (conceiving law as a practical instrument) and European legalism (conceiving law as the expression of normative principles and moral limits).
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« Pente glissante ou pente fatale : de la répression des discours de haine aux risques du politiquement correct pour la démocratie », Discrimination, Diversité. Rapport annuel 2011 du Centre pour l'égalité des chances, pp. 37-39.
@incollection{frydman_2011_pente_glissante_ou_pente, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Pente glissante ou pente fatale : de la répression des discours de haine aux risques du politiquement correct pour la démocratie}, booktitle = {Rapport annuel 2011 du Centre pour l'égalité des chances}, year = {2011}, pages = {37--39} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Pente glissante ou pente fatale : de la répression des discours de haine aux risques du politiquement correct pour la démocratie BT - Rapport annuel 2011 du Centre pour l'égalité des chances PY - 2011 SP - 37 EP - 39 ER -
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Procédure pénale: de l'arraignment au plea bargainingCriminal Procedure: From Arraignment to Plea BargainingJean-Claude Matgen · Libre BelgiqueMagazine / Press Article2011FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article explains, under the guidance of Benoit Frydman, the functioning and internal logic of American criminal procedure for a European audience, explicitly emphasizing its distinctive features compared to the Belgian procedural system. The article details the main procedural stages: the arraignment, during which the suspect is informed of the charges and the conditions of their provisional release or detention are determined; the indictment procedure before a grand jury composed of ordinary citizens who decide on the committal for trial; the pre-trial discovery phase, where the defense examines the case file; and finally, the public jury trial, where a guilty verdict requires a unanimous decision. The article highlights and explains a distinctive and controversial feature of American criminal law: plea bargaining, which allows the accused to negotiate an agreement with the prosecution in exchange for a reduction in charges or the proposed sentence.
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« Procédure pénale: de l'arraignment au plea bargaining », Libre Belgique, 2011.
@article{frydman_2011_procedure_penale_arraignment_au, author = {Matgen, Jean-Claude}, title = {Procédure pénale: de l'arraignment au plea bargaining}, journal = {Libre Belgique}, year = {2011} }TY - JOUR AU - Matgen, Jean-Claude TI - Procédure pénale: de l'arraignment au plea bargaining JO - Libre Belgique PY - 2011 ER -
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L'Université n'est pas une entrepriseThe University is Not a BusinessBenoit Frydman · Le SoirMagazine / Press Article2010FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman critiques the application of New Public Management techniques to university governance, arguing that while institutional evolution is necessary, universities must preserve participatory management and academic freedom to maintain the quality of teaching and research. He denounces the four pillars of the managerial model—performance-based funding, the commodification of student education, the precarization of academic status, and the replacement of collegial governance with entrepreneurial management—demonstrating, through comparative analysis, how this ideology produces hierarchization, conformism, brain drain, and a decline in academic quality despite superficially attractive indicators.
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« L'Université n'est pas une entreprise », Le Soir, 18 novembre 2010.
@article{frydman_2010_universite_n_est_pas, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'Université n'est pas une entreprise}, journal = {Le Soir}, publisher = {Le Soir}, year = {2010} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'Université n'est pas une entreprise JO - Le Soir PB - Le Soir PY - 2010 ER -
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Le contentieux transnational des droits de l'homme : une analyse stratégiqueTransnational Human Rights Litigation: A Strategic AnalysisBenoit Frydman et Ludovic Hennebel · Revue Trimestrielle des droits de l'hommeJournal Article2009FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman and Ludovic Hennebel analyze the emergence and expansion of transnational human rights litigation, defined as all legal actions concerning violations of human rights or humanitarian law brought before domestic courts foreign to the place where the violations were committed. The authors examine the strategies implemented by the various actors in these specific disputes, whether they be governments, individuals, or multinational corporations. Through a multiple case analysis (the Pinochet case, corporate litigation, genocide, torture), they demonstrate how forum shopping and universal jurisdiction make it possible to bypass the lack of domestic and international remedies, and how these procedures contribute to strengthening the effectiveness of international human rights protection standards.
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« Le contentieux transnational des droits de l'homme : une analyse stratégique », avec Ludovic Hennebel, Revue Trimestrielle des droits de l'homme, 2009, pp. 73-136.
@article{frydman_2009_contentieux_transnational_droits_homme, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Hennebel, Ludovic}, title = {Le contentieux transnational des droits de l'homme : une analyse stratégique}, journal = {Revue Trimestrielle des droits de l'homme}, year = {2009}, volume = {77}, pages = {73--136} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Hennebel, Ludovic TI - Le contentieux transnational des droits de l'homme : une analyse stratégique JO - Revue Trimestrielle des droits de l'homme PY - 2009 VL - 77 SP - 73 EP - 136 ER -
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L'évolution des critères et des modes de contrôle de la qualité des décisions de justiceThe Evolution of the Criteria and Methods of Quality Control for Judicial DecisionsBenoit Frydman · n. p.Book Chapter2008FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman traces the historical evolution of the quality criteria for judicial decisions, moving from the ancient model based on the prudence of the magistrate to the modern post-revolutionary model centered on accuracy and mechanical compliance with the law, and subsequently to contemporary approaches favoring procedural and managerial efficiency. This evolution is accompanied by an institutional shift in control from the Court of Cassation to the high councils of the judiciary, marking a transition from the substantive to the administrative level and heralding a standardization of judicial performance criteria. Paradoxically, this constitutes a postmodern return to ancient evaluation logics centered on the qualities of the decision-maker rather than on the content of the decisions.
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« L'évolution des critères et des modes de contrôle de la qualité des décisions de justice », in La qualité des décisions de justice, CEPEJ, Publications du Conseil de l'Europe, 2008, pp. 18-29.
@incollection{frydman_2007_evolution_criteres_modes_controle_2, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'évolution des critères et des modes de contrôle de la qualité des décisions de justice}, year = {2008} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'évolution des critères et des modes de contrôle de la qualité des décisions de justice PY - 2008 ER -
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La justice mondiale peut-elle être civile ?Can Global Justice Be Civil?Benoit Frydman · Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiquesJournal Article2008FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman critically examines transnational civil justice as a mechanism for addressing historical atrocities and human rights violations, engaging substantively with Antoine Garapon's skeptical assessment of civil litigation for historical reparations. Through analysis of the Swiss bank accounts case and other historical redress actions, Frydman employs a Hegelian framework to acknowledge that civil justice, though fundamentally limited by its reduction of suffering to monetary compensation, establishes mutual recognition of victims as legal subjects and agents. Against Garapon's philosophical preference for penal procedures, Frydman argues pragmatically that civil litigation—despite significant shortcomings regarding truth-finding and victim representation—offers effective recourse in transnational contexts where state capacity is contested and provides strategic terrain for advancing human rights protection.
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« La justice mondiale peut-elle être civile ? », Compte rendu critique de l'ouvrage d'Antoine Garapon, Réparer l'histoire ?, Paris, Odille Jacob, 2008, R.I.E.J., 2008, pp. 173-182.
@article{frydman_2008_justice_mondiale_peut_elle, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La justice mondiale peut-elle être civile ?}, journal = {Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiques}, year = {2008}, pages = {173--182} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La justice mondiale peut-elle être civile ? JO - Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiques PY - 2008 SP - 173 EP - 182 ER -
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L'affaire Total et ses enjeuxThe Total Case and Its ImplicationsBenoit Frydman · Liber amicorum Paul Martens. L'humanisme dans la résolution des conflits. Utopie ou réalité ?Book Chapter2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article analyzes the Total case, which concerns the grave violations of human rights and humanitarian law perpetrated in Myanmar by soldiers of the ruling military junta during the development of a gas field by the Total company and its partners. Benoit Frydman examines the liability of transnational corporations in cases of human rights violations, as well as the issue of the jurisdiction of national courts over these companies for acts committed abroad on the territory of weak or authoritarian states. The author reviews the proceedings initiated in Belgium (under the regime of universal jurisdiction), France, and the United States against Total and Unocal, highlighting that despite the efforts of the plaintiffs and their defenders, the current situation often amounts to granting transnational corporations a de facto immunity for their activities abroad, which remains unacceptable in light of the requirements of law and justice.
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« L'affaire Total et ses enjeux », in Liber amicorum Paul Martens. L'humanisme dans la résolution des conflits. Utopie ou réalité ?, Larcier, 2007, pp. 301-321.
@incollection{frydman_2007_affaire_total_ses_enjeux, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'affaire Total et ses enjeux}, booktitle = {Liber amicorum Paul Martens. L'humanisme dans la résolution des conflits. Utopie ou réalité ?}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2007}, pages = {301--321} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'affaire Total et ses enjeux BT - Liber amicorum Paul Martens. L'humanisme dans la résolution des conflits. Utopie ou réalité ? PB - Larcier PY - 2007 SP - 301 EP - 321 ER -
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L'hospitalité judiciaireJudicial HospitalityBenoit Frydman · Justice et cosmopolitismeBook Chapter2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the concept of 'judicial hospitality'—the duty of judges to receive and hear claims from victims of human rights violations, particularly when they cannot access justice in their own countries. Drawing on philosophical traditions from Kant to Derrida, he analyzes so-called 'delocalized' judicial proceedings where foreign courts serve as a last resort for transnational justice seekers. Through cases like Pinochet, Frydman argues that access to justice constitutes the procedural foundation of cosmopolitan law. He explores the tension judges face when deciding whether to hear such cases: doing so risks political controversy and jurisdictional challenges, while refusing risks abandoning victims to permanent injustice. By examining European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence on access to courts and international human rights law, Frydman demonstrates how this emerging right to universal access to justice can be grounded in existing legal frameworks.
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« L'hospitalité judiciaire » in Justice et cosmopolitisme, actes du séminaire international de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes sur la Justice, publiés sur le site de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes sur la Justice (www.ihej.org/ressources).
@incollection{frydman_2007_hospitalite_judiciaire, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'hospitalité judiciaire}, booktitle = {Justice et cosmopolitisme}, year = {2007} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'hospitalité judiciaire BT - Justice et cosmopolitisme PY - 2007 ER -
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La contestation du jury populaire : symptôme d'une crise rhétorique et démocratiqueThe Contestation of the Popular Jury: Symptom of a Rhetorical and Democratic CrisisBenoit Frydman · Questions de communicationsJournal Article2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes the persistent criticisms of the popular jury, particularly in Belgium and France, demonstrating how anti-rhetorical arguments against lay jurors, presented as defending procedural rationality, mask anti-democratic positions defending professional monopolies. Tracing the Greek and English origins of the jury, the article shows that opposition to this institution since the French Revolution expresses a fundamental conflict between two conceptions of law: a democratic model based on citizen participation, public deliberation, and rhetorical argumentation, and a technocratic model favoring technical expertise, systematic rationality, and professional control over the power to judge.
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« La contestation du jury populaire. Symptôme d'une crise rhétorique et démocratique », Questions de communications, 2007, 12, pp. 103-117.
@article{frydman_2007_contestation_jury_populaire_symptome, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La contestation du jury populaire : symptôme d'une crise rhétorique et démocratique}, journal = {Questions de communications}, publisher = {Centre Perelman de philosophie du droit}, year = {2007}, volume = {12}, number = {2007/5}, pages = {103--117}, doi = {10.4000/questionsdecommunication.2334} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La contestation du jury populaire : symptôme d'une crise rhétorique et démocratique JO - Questions de communications PB - Centre Perelman de philosophie du droit PY - 2007 VL - 12 IS - 2007/5 SP - 103 EP - 117 DO - 10.4000/questionsdecommunication.2334 ER -
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La responsabilité des entreprises transnationales pour les violations des droits de l'homme : l'affaire Total-Unocal devant les juridictions américaines et européennesThe Liability of Transnational Corporations for Human Rights Violations: The Total-Unocal Case Before American and European CourtsBenoit Frydman et Ludovic Hennebel · Working Papers SeriesJournal Article2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman and Ludovic Hennebel examine the legal liability of transnational corporations for human rights violations through a comparative analysis of the Total-Unocal case in Burma, litigated before American and European courts. The article addresses the fundamental challenge of ensuring access to justice for victims when violations occur in weak or authoritarian states where domestic remedies prove illusory. The authors analyze the legal foundations establishing corporate liability as a perpetrator or accomplice, as well as the contested issues of universal jurisdiction and extraterritorial jurisdiction, arguing that the domestic courts of states governed by the rule of law should entertain civil actions against multinational companies complicit in serious abuses committed abroad.
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« La responsabilité des entreprises transnationales pour les violations des droits de l'homme : l'affaire Total-Unocal devant les juridictions américaines et européennes », Working Papers Series, Centre Perelman, 2007.
@article{frydman_2007_responsabilite_entreprises_transnationales_pour, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Hennebel, Ludovic}, title = {La responsabilité des entreprises transnationales pour les violations des droits de l'homme : l'affaire Total-Unocal devant les juridictions américaines et européennes}, journal = {Working Papers Series}, publisher = {Centre Perelman}, year = {2007} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Hennebel, Ludovic TI - La responsabilité des entreprises transnationales pour les violations des droits de l'homme : l'affaire Total-Unocal devant les juridictions américaines et européennes JO - Working Papers Series PB - Centre Perelman PY - 2007 ER -
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La transparence, un concept opaque ?Transparency: An Opaque Concept?Benoit Frydman · Journal des tribunauxJournal Article2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the contemporary concept of transparency, distinguishing it from the classical principle of publicity that law has recognised since the Ancien Regime. Whereas publicity designates specific formalities for the posting or publication of particular legal acts, transparency expresses a diffuse value that gradually extends to all public domains: administration, justice, political life and the economy. The article shows that this paradoxical extension of transparency — which now focuses on the personality and conduct of actors rather than on public acts alone — paradoxically risks diluting the classical principle of publicity while blurring the boundaries between the public sphere and private life. Frydman concludes that transparency is not a clearly defined legal concept but expresses above all a technological fact — the borderless fluidity of information — whose existence the law can neither decree nor whose development it can prohibit, but whose legal and constitutional limits it must trace.
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« La transparence, un concept opaque ? », J.T., 2007, pp. 300-301 (n° spécial 125ème anniversaire).
@article{frydman_2007_transparence_concept_opaque, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La transparence, un concept opaque ?}, journal = {Journal des tribunaux}, year = {2007}, number = {spécial 125ème anniversaire}, pages = {300--301} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La transparence, un concept opaque ? JO - Journal des tribunaux PY - 2007 IS - spécial 125ème anniversaire SP - 300 EP - 301 ER -
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Le dialogue international des juges et la perspective idéale d'une justice universelleThe international dialogue of judges and the ideal perspective of universal justiceBenoit Frydman · Le dialogue des jugesBook Chapter2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes the phenomenon of transnational judicial dialogue as a manifestation of declining state legal positivism and evolving judicial authority beyond national borders. He traces how judges from different jurisdictions interact through formal institutional mechanisms and informal networks, creating an international judicial community bound by shared professional ethos and common commitment to universal justice. Yet Benoit Frydman argues this dialogue masks deeper political struggles in which different jurisdictions and legal cultures compete to impose their own conceptions of law, revealing that apparent consensus around universal justice conceals a fundamental contest in which powerful states seek to dominate the formulation of transnational law.
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« Le dialogue international des juges et la perspective idéale d'une justice universelle », in Le dialogue des juges, Bruxelles, Bruylant, col. Les cahiers de l'Institut d'Etudes sur la Justice, 2007, pp. 147-166.
@incollection{frydman_2007_dialogue_international_juges_perspective, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le dialogue international des juges et la perspective idéale d'une justice universelle}, booktitle = {Le dialogue des juges}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2007}, pages = {147--166} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le dialogue international des juges et la perspective idéale d'une justice universelle BT - Le dialogue des juges PB - Bruylant PY - 2007 SP - 147 EP - 166 ER -
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Les propos qui heurtent, choquent ou inquiètentSpeech that Offends, Shocks or DisturbsBenoit Frydman · Revue de droit de l'ULBJournal Article2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman introduces a special issue examining the legal status of blasphemy and other offensive speech in modern European democratic societies, employing a pragmatic legal methodology to analyze "hard cases" and borderline applications of freedom of expression. The work explores how European jurisprudence, particularly from the Strasbourg Court, handles the tension between protecting offensive discourse and limiting speech that wounds or shocks, demonstrating that despite rhetorical commitments to free expression, significant hidden constraints restrict public debate. Frydman argues that the true extent and limits of freedom of expression must be understood through concrete case analysis rather than abstract legal principles, and that new technological developments have complicated traditional media regulation regimes.
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« Les propos qui heurtent, choquent ou inquiètent », in Revue de droit de l'ULB, 2007, n° 35, pp. 7-17, 11 pages.
@article{frydman_2007_propos_qui_heurtent_choquent, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les propos qui heurtent, choquent ou inquiètent}, journal = {Revue de droit de l'ULB}, year = {2007}, volume = {35}, number = {35}, pages = {7--17} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les propos qui heurtent, choquent ou inquiètent JO - Revue de droit de l'ULB PY - 2007 VL - 35 IS - 35 SP - 7 EP - 17 ER -
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Responsabilités des entreprises et corégulationBenoit Frydman, Th. Berns, P-F Docquir, L. Hennebel et G. Lewkowicz · BruylantMonograph / Book2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
La mondialisation accroît la puissance des entreprises en même temps qu'elle réduit les moyens des Etats de les contrôler. Cette redistribution des pouvoirs implique, de manière urgente, une redéfinition des responsabilités. La seule mission de l'entreprise consiste-t-elle à réaliser du profit ou doit-elle assumer d'autres devoirs vis-à-vis des ses travailleurs, de l'environnement, des Etats qui l'accueillent ou plus généralement des êtres humains dont elle affecte l'existence? C'est tout le débat actuel sur la responsabilité sociale des entreprises. Mais quelle est exactement la nature de cette responsabilité : morale, juridique, voire politique? L'entreprise est-elle responsable et garante des droits de l'homme? Et surtout, comment de telles responsabilités peuvent-elles effectivement être mises en oeuvre et par qui ? Face à l'impuissance des moyens juridiques classiques, de nouvelles techniques de contrôle se développent, qui comptent moins sur la force de la loi que sur la pression des marchés, moins sur l'imposition de règles que sur la publicité de l'information. Codes de conduite, labels du commerce équitable, fonds éthiques, agences de notation ou de certification, normes de standardisation, autorités de surveillance, inspecteurs, informateurs, dénonciateurs, autant d'initiatives proliférantes, qui se concurrencent et parfois se complètent. Leur agencement finit par constituer, à la manière d'un bricolage, des mécanismes de corégulation, ajustés aux contraintes de notre temps, dont la logique s'écarte résolument du modèle de l'ordre juridique, national ou international. Ce livre en décrit les dispositifs. Il en analyse les enjeux et en trace les perspectives.
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Responsabilités des entreprises et corégulation, coauteur avec Th. Berns, P-F Docquir, L. Hennebel et G. Lewkowicz, Bruylant "Penser le droit", 2007, 230 pp.
@book{frydman_2007_responsabilites_entreprises_coregulation, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Berns, Th. and Docquir, P-F and Hennebel, L. and Lewkowicz, G.}, title = {Responsabilités des entreprises et corégulation}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2007} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Berns, Th. AU - Docquir, P-F AU - Hennebel, L. AU - Lewkowicz, G. TI - Responsabilités des entreprises et corégulation PB - Bruylant PY - 2007 ER -
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Stratégies de responsabilisation des entreprises à l'ère de la mondialisationStrategies for Corporate Accountability in the Era of GlobalizationBenoit Frydman · Responsabilités des entreprises et corégulationBook Chapter2007FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies in the context of globalization. He examines whether CSR constitutes a mere ideological justification for deregulated capitalism or if it represents an emerging mode of regulation characteristic of postmodern societies. The text reviews various CSR initiatives—ethical investment funds, social and environmental labels, ISO standards, audit and certification procedures, and human rights clauses in supply contracts—and evaluates the capacity of these mechanisms to constrain corporate behavior, questioning whether they serve merely to defuse criticism. Benoit Frydman demonstrates how CSR discourses invite companies to abandon the rationality of homo economicus in favor of altruistic ends, while paradoxically effecting a transfer of State prerogatives, particularly regarding the protection of human rights, to powerful commercial corporations. This phenomenon illustrates co-regulation, whereby regulatory authority is dispersed among multiple public and private actors operating outside traditional State-centric legal frameworks.
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« Stratégies de responsabilisation des entreprises à l'ère de la mondialisation », in responsabilités des entreprises et corégulation, Th. Berns, P-F Docquir, B. Frydman, L. Hennebel et G. Lewkowicz, Bruylant "Penser le droit", 2007, pp. 1-50.
@incollection{frydman_2007_strategies_responsabilisation_entreprises_ere, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Stratégies de responsabilisation des entreprises à l'ère de la mondialisation}, booktitle = {Responsabilités des entreprises et corégulation}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2007}, pages = {1--50} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Stratégies de responsabilisation des entreprises à l'ère de la mondialisation BT - Responsabilités des entreprises et corégulation PB - Bruylant PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 50 ER -
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Juge professionnel et juge citoyen : L'échevinage à la croisée de deux cultures judiciairesProfessional Judge and Citizen Judge: Lay Participation at the Crossroads of Two Judicial CulturesBenoit Frydman · La participation du citoyen à l'administration de la justiceBook Chapter2006FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the apparent paradox of the participation of non-professional judges in the administration of justice, establishing that this practice rests upon a transhistorical principle: the claim to be judged by one's peers. Through a historical genealogy linking Greek democracy to the English jury and to contemporary jurisdictions (juries, commercial court judges, labour court judges, the Court of Arbitration), the author demonstrates that this right to judgment by one's peers transcends differences of political regime and constitutes a recurrent response to the problems of legitimising judicial decisions. He concludes that such citizen participation embodies a culture of justice that is essentially political and communitarian, standing in inevitable tension with the modern conception of a justice grounded in legal expertise.
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« Juge professionnel et juge citoyen : l'échevinage à la croisée de deux cultures judiciaires », in La participation du citoyen à l'administration de la justice, Bruxelles, Bruylant, col. Les cahiers de l'Institut d'Etudes sur la Justice, 2006, pp. 13-29.
@incollection{frydman_2006_juge_professionnel_juge_citoyen_2, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Juge professionnel et juge citoyen : L'échevinage à la croisée de deux cultures judiciaires}, booktitle = {La participation du citoyen à l'administration de la justice}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2006}, pages = {13--29} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Juge professionnel et juge citoyen : L'échevinage à la croisée de deux cultures judiciaires BT - La participation du citoyen à l'administration de la justice PB - Bruylant PY - 2006 SP - 13 EP - 29 ER -
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La fabrique juridique du témoignageThe Legal Construction of TestimonyBenoit Frydman · n. p.Magazine / Press Article2006FR
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This interview with Benoit Frydman examines the role of testimony in legal evidence and the historical and comparative variations of its status. Frydman analyzes a constitutive tension: the law recognizes the importance of testimony while remaining wary of its fragility (perjury, forgetfulness, confusion). He distinguishes between the regimes of civil law and common law systems, showing that in civil law countries, testimony is transformed into a written record and subjected to the primacy of the case file, whereas in common law, orality dominates but the witness is subjected to a potentially devastating cross-examination. He further explains how these differences affect the administration of criminal justice and the role of the jury.
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« La fabrique juridique du témoignage », Revue Geste, n° 3 « Témoigner », Paris, 2006, pp. 53-59.
@article{frydman_nd_entretien_avec_benoit_frydman, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La fabrique juridique du témoignage}, year = {2006} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La fabrique juridique du témoignage PY - 2006 ER -
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De l'expression et du statut de la société civile dans l'ordre internationalBenoit Frydman · Echos. Bruxelles LaïqueMagazine / Press Article2005FR
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Trois grands principes constitutionnels définissent le statut constitutionnel de la société civile dans les constitutions libérales : la publicité qui oblige les gouvernements à publier leurs actions et décisions afin d'en permettre le contrôle; la liberté de la presse et des médias qui permet la circulation des informations et les débats au sein de la société; les libertés d'association et de réunion qui permettent aux citoyens de fonder des organisations et de se réunir pour délibérer ou protester.
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« De l'expression et du statut de la société civile dans l'ordre international » in Echos. Bruxelles Laïque, 2ème trimestre 2005, « Liberté d'expression et société civile ».
@article{frydman_2005_expression_statut_societe_civile, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {De l'expression et du statut de la société civile dans l'ordre international}, journal = {Echos. Bruxelles Laïque}, year = {2005} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - De l'expression et du statut de la société civile dans l'ordre international JO - Echos. Bruxelles Laïque PY - 2005 ER -
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Dworkin avec ses réponsesEdited by Benoit Frydman et Julie Allard · P.U.F.Monograph / Book2005FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Ce dossier collectif, coordonné par Benoît Frydman, réunit plusieurs contributions consacrées à l'œuvre de Ronald Dworkin, suivies des réponses de ce dernier aux auteurs. Il examine les raisons de l'intérêt des philosophes pour Dworkin (B. Frydman), sa philosophie critique du jugement (J. Allard), les rapports entre intégrité, égalité et justice (S. Guest), une critique pluraliste du principe de l'unité du droit (M. Rosenfeld), les limites de la métaphore du roman à la chaîne (G. Timsit) et le prétendu dilemme entre égalité et liberté (J.-F. Spitz). L'ensemble constitue une évaluation critique de la théorie interprétative du droit et de la philosophie politique libérale-égalitaire de Dworkin, dans le prolongement des travaux de l'École de Bruxelles sur le raisonnement juridique et le jugement.
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Dworkin avec ses réponses. Revue internationale de philosophie, Paris, P.U.F., 2005, n° 233, 200 pp., coéditeur avec Julie Allard.
@book{frydman_2005_dworkin_avec_ses_reponses, title = {Dworkin avec ses réponses}, publisher = {P.U.F.}, year = {2005}, volume = {233}, doi = {10.3917/rip.233.0291} }TY - BOOK TI - Dworkin avec ses réponses PB - P.U.F. PY - 2005 VL - 233 DO - 10.3917/rip.233.0291 ER -
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Généalogie de l'esprit de corpsGenealogy of the Esprit de CorpsBenoit Frydman et Thomas Berns · Esprit de corps, démocratie et espace publicBook Chapter2005FR
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Thomas Berns and Benoit Frydman trace the genealogy of the esprit de corps through a historical analysis of the transformations of political discourse, from medieval collectivities to the modern State. They show how the corporeal metaphor, initially grounded in natural relations of harmony and love between the whole and its parts, was profoundly altered by the emergence of the theory of fictive legal personality and of national sovereignty. Paradoxically, although the one and indivisible Republic theoretically seeks to expel intermediary bodies as foreign bodies, the authors argue that the esprit de corps nonetheless remains indispensable to the legitimacy and the survival of the modern sovereign body politic.
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« Généalogie de l'esprit de corps », en collaboration avec Thomas Berns, in Esprit de corps, démocratie et espace public, dir. Guglielmi et Haroche, Paris, P.U.F., 2005, pp. 159-181.
@incollection{frydman_nd_genealogie_esprit_corps, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Berns, Thomas}, title = {Généalogie de l'esprit de corps}, booktitle = {Esprit de corps, démocratie et espace public}, publisher = {P.U.F.}, year = {2005}, pages = {159--181} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Berns, Thomas TI - Généalogie de l'esprit de corps BT - Esprit de corps, démocratie et espace public PB - P.U.F. PY - 2005 SP - 159 EP - 181 ER -
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Juger la quadrature du cercleJudging the Squaring of the CircleBenoit Frydman · Libre BelgiqueMagazine / Press Article2005FR
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Benoit Frydman argues that judgment, in our legal culture, reconciles two competing historical traditions: the Greek democratic tradition, which values rhetorical argumentation and deliberation, and the biblical tradition, which grounds the authority of law in the written text and its interpretation. The modern trial is thus organized along two perpendicular axes — the horizontal axis of the argued dispute and the vertical axis of legal interpretation — requiring the judge to simultaneously arbitrate procedural debates and interpret legal texts. The analysis of judgment reveals three intertwined levels of discussion: the arguments of the parties, the secret deliberation of the magistrates, and the reasoned judgment, making the act of judging more complex than the simplified Napoleonic ideal.
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« Juger, la quadrature du cercle ? », Libre Belgique, 13 mai 2005.
@article{frydman_2005_juger_quadrature_cercle, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Juger la quadrature du cercle}, journal = {Libre Belgique}, year = {2005} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Juger la quadrature du cercle JO - Libre Belgique PY - 2005 ER -
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Nouvelle RhétoriqueNew RhetoricBenoit Frydman · Dictionnaire des idéesBook Chapter2005FR
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Benoit Frydman presents the New Rhetoric, a 20th-century philosophical movement founded by Chaïm Perelman that challenges the positivist rejection of practical reasoning by demonstrating how moral, legal, and political questions can be rationally discussed through argumentation rather than mathematical proof. Through the concept of the universal audience and the rehabilitation of rhetoric as a legitimate epistemic method, the New Rhetoric bridges relativism and dogmatism while repositioning jurisprudence as a model for philosophical thought.
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v° « Nouvelle rhétorique » in Dictionnaire des idées, Notionnaires 2, Paris, Encyclopaedia Universalis, 2005.
@incollection{frydman_2005_nouvelle_rhetorique, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Nouvelle Rhétorique}, booktitle = {Dictionnaire des idées}, publisher = {Encyclopaedia Universalis}, year = {2005}, volume = {2} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Nouvelle Rhétorique BT - Dictionnaire des idées PB - Encyclopaedia Universalis PY - 2005 VL - 2 ER -
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Pourquoi Dworkin intéresse les philosophes ?Why Does Dworkin Interest Philosophers?Benoit Frydman · Revue internationale de PhilosophieJournal Article2005FR
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Benoit Frydman examines why Ronald Dworkin's jurisprudential work attracts such significant and widespread attention among philosophers despite addressing questions in legal theory that initially appear distant from traditional philosophical preoccupations. He argues that Dworkin's theory constitutes fundamentally a sophisticated theory of interpretation that reveals how judicial reasoning, situated concretely at the level of the courtroom and individual cases, engages the central philosophical problem concerning the relationship between reason and tradition—a problem that animated major twentieth-century philosophical debates between thinkers like Gadamer and Habermas. Dworkin successfully navigates between the Scylla of mechanical jurisprudence (which denies meaningful judicial discretion), the Charybdis of legal realism (which reduces judging to arbitrary preference), and the utilitarian pragmatism of law and economics, thereby vindicating the possibility of rational justification in judicial decision-making, particularly regarding constitutional interpretation, and thus rendering his theoretical contribution highly relevant to contemporary philosophy's broader preoccupations with interpretation and practical reason.
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"Pourquoi Dworkin intéresse les philosophes", Revue internationale de Philosophie, n° 233, 2005, pp. 291-302.
@article{frydman_2005_pourquoi_dworkin_interesse_philosophes, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Pourquoi Dworkin intéresse les philosophes ?}, journal = {Revue internationale de Philosophie}, year = {2005}, number = {233}, pages = {291--302}, doi = {10.3917/rip.233.0291} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Pourquoi Dworkin intéresse les philosophes ? JO - Revue internationale de Philosophie PY - 2005 IS - 233 SP - 291 EP - 302 DO - 10.3917/rip.233.0291 ER -
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Rapport définitif de la Commission de réforme de la Cour d'assisesFinal Report of the Commission for the Reform of the Assize CourtBenoit Frydman et R Verstraeten · n. p.Report / Working Paper2005FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This final report of the Commission for the Reform of the Assize Court examines the relevance and quality of the current assize procedure and proposes two fundamental directions: either the abolition of the assize court and its replacement by an innovative system of 'échevinage' (mixed courts) associating professional judges and citizens, or the modernization of the existing court. The authors develop a set of reforms designed to improve the efficiency and quality of verdicts, strengthen the rights of the defense, and improve the status of the victim and the civil party. The proposals include joint deliberation between magistrates and jurors, the introduction of an obligation to state the reasons for verdicts, a reform of the composition and status of jurors, as well as the streamlining and modernization of the assize procedure.
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Rapport définitif de la Commission de réforme de la Cour d'assises, remis à Madame la ministre de la Justice le 23 décembre 2005, avec R. Verstraeten.
@article{frydman_2005_rapport_definitif_commission_reforme, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Verstraeten, R}, title = {Rapport définitif de la Commission de réforme de la Cour d'assises}, year = {2005} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Verstraeten, R TI - Rapport définitif de la Commission de réforme de la Cour d'assises PY - 2005 ER -
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Société civile et démocratisation des organisations internationalesCivil Society and the Democratization of International OrganizationsBenoit Frydman, N. Angelet, C. Clavé, O. Corten, D. De Blic, P. Klein, R. Mackenzie, Ph. Sands, L. Weerts · AcademiaMonograph / Book2005FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
The document excerpt consists solely of a table of contents listing chapters on non-state actors' participation in international organizations and does not contain substantive textual content for analysis.
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Société civile et démocratisation des organisations internationales, coauteur avec N. Angelet, C. Clavé, O. Corten, D. De Blic, P. Klein, R. Mackenzie, Ph. Sands et L. Weerts, Academia, 2005, 241 pp.
@book{frydman_nd_untitled, author = {Weerts, Benoit Frydman, N. Angelet, C. Clavé, O. Corten, D. De Blic, P. Klein, R. Mackenzie, Ph. Sands, L.}, title = {Société civile et démocratisation des organisations internationales}, publisher = {Academia}, year = {2005} }TY - BOOK AU - Weerts, Benoit Frydman, N. Angelet, C. Clavé, O. Corten, D. De Blic, P. Klein, R. Mackenzie, Ph. Sands, L. TI - Société civile et démocratisation des organisations internationales PB - Academia PY - 2005 ER -
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v° PerelmanV° Perelman, Dictionary of JusticeBenoit Frydman · Dictionnaire de la JusticeBook Chapter2005FR
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Benoit Frydman offers an encyclopaedic synthesis of Chaim Perelman's major contributions to legal philosophy and the theory of justice, retracing the way in which Perelman moved beyond the limits of formal logic to make argumentation the foundation for understanding justice and judicial reasoning. Benoit Frydman emphasises that Perelman identified six competing conceptions of justice (to each the same thing, to each according to his merits, to each according to his works, to each according to his needs, to each according to his rank, to each according to what the law attributes to him) which express irreducible values and cannot be reconciled by logic alone; rather, they must be weighed argumentatively in light of concrete circumstances. The central claim of the text is that judicial decisions constitute paradigmatic acts of practical reasoning through which judges justify their choices before a 'universal audience', thereby integrating principles of justice into the ongoing development of positive law and overcoming the false divide between natural law and positive law.
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v° « Perelman », in Dictionnaire de la Justice, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2005.
@incollection{frydman_nd_v_perelman_dico_justice_2, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {v° Perelman}, booktitle = {Dictionnaire de la Justice}, publisher = {Presses Universitaires de France}, year = {2005} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - v° Perelman BT - Dictionnaire de la Justice PB - Presses Universitaires de France PY - 2005 ER -
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Comprendre le droit avec Paul MartensUnderstanding Law with Paul MartensBenoit Frydman · Journal du juristeMagazine / Press Article2004FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman reviews Paul Martens's book entitled 'Theories of Law and Contemporary Legal Thought', praising the meditative and pluralistic approach of this great magistrate who, while situating himself in the Kelsenian tradition, mobilizes the study of real cases to offer a critical reflection on the transformations of the State and the role of the judge, particularly when the latter is called upon to judge power. Martens deploys a demanding critique of a justice system that is often hesitant and complicit with power, while recognizing its capacity to revive public debates and embody an ethics of care towards litigants.
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Compte rendu de Théories du droit et pensée juridique contemporaine de Paul Martens, in Journal du juriste, 2004.
@article{frydman_2003_comprendre_droit_avec_paul, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Comprendre le droit avec Paul Martens}, journal = {Journal du juriste}, year = {2004} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Comprendre le droit avec Paul Martens JO - Journal du juriste PY - 2004 ER -
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Coregulation: A Possible Legal Model for Global GovernanceBenoit Frydman · About Globalisation, Views on the Trajectory of MondialisationBook Chapter2004EN
Benoit Frydman argues that globalization fundamentally transforms legal regulation from state-centered command-and-punishment systems to a new model of "coregulation" involving cooperation between public authorities and private actors. This shift encompasses five key features: movement from institutional to economic regulation based on incentives; increased reliance on private actors and market mechanisms; shift from prescriptive primary rules to procedural systems; integration of sophisticated technical devices; and emphasis on human rights rhetoric. Through detailed analysis of carbon emission trading schemes and Internet content regulation, Frydman shows how procedural mechanisms—such as "notice and take down" systems and artificial markets—replace traditional legislation without requiring global agreement on substantive standards. Unlike international organizations that dismantle national regulations, coregulation preserves state involvement while fundamentally altering law's nature and enforcement mechanisms.
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« Coregulation : a Possible Model for Global Governance », in B. De Schutter and J. Pas eds., About Globalisation, Views on the Trajectory of Mondialisation, Brussels, VUB Brussels University Press, 2004, pp. 227-242.
@incollection{frydman_2003_coregulation_possible_legal_model, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Coregulation: A Possible Legal Model for Global Governance}, booktitle = {About Globalisation, Views on the Trajectory of Mondialisation}, publisher = {VUB Brussels University Press}, year = {2004}, pages = {227--242} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Coregulation: A Possible Legal Model for Global Governance BT - About Globalisation, Views on the Trajectory of Mondialisation PB - VUB Brussels University Press PY - 2004 SP - 227 EP - 242 ER -
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Habermas et la société civile contemporaineHabermas and Contemporary Civil SocietyBenoit Frydman · La société civile et ses droitsBook Chapter2004FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman presents the philosophy of Habermas as offering the most robust and influential contemporary conception of civil society, grounding democratic institutions in its fundamental role. Habermas synthesizes major philosophical traditions — from Hegel and Marx to Hannah Arendt and Enlightenment thinkers — while rejecting crude economic determinism; he identifies a distinct political-communitarian sphere, existing alongside but autonomous from market structures, establishing civil society as the locus of public reason and democratic agency. Frydman traces the historical emergence of civil society through the gradual transformation of private individuals of the Ancien Régime into modern citizens capable of forming reasoned public opinion, a transformation made possible by urbanization, economic interdependence, the printing press, expanded education, and new institutionalized spaces for civic discourse such as coffeehouses, clubs, and theaters.
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« Habermas et la société civile contemporaine », in La société civile et ses droits, dir. B. Frydman, Bruxelles, Bruylant, col. « Penser le droit », 2004, pp. 123-144.
@incollection{frydman_2004_habermas_societe_civile_contemporaine, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Habermas et la société civile contemporaine}, booktitle = {La société civile et ses droits}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2004}, pages = {123--144} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Habermas et la société civile contemporaine BT - La société civile et ses droits PB - Bruylant PY - 2004 SP - 123 EP - 144 ER -
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La rhétorique judiciaire dans l'Antigone de SophocleJudicial Rhetoric in Sophocles' AntigoneBenoit Frydman · Antigone et la résistance civileBook Chapter2004FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman proposes a rhetorical reading of Sophocles' Antigone as a judicial case, applying ancient judicial topoi to analyze the argumentation deployed by the protagonists. The analysis reveals Antigone's sophisticated mastery of public debate and adversarial argumentation in the face of Creon's refusal to engage in discussion, overturning the Hegelian interpretation that positions her as representing an archaic order surpassed by Creon's political modernity. Through this rhetorical analysis, Benoit Frydman elucidates the distinction between natural law and positive law, demonstrating how this divide opens a space for legal reasoning and the discussion of justified arguments, clearly distinguishing the order of power from the law itself.
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« La rhétorique judiciaire dans l'Antigone de Sophocle » in Antigone et la résistance civile, L. Couloubaritsis et F. Ost, Bruxelles, Ousia, 2004, pp. 161-183.
@incollection{frydman_2004_rhetorique_judiciaire_dans_antigone, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La rhétorique judiciaire dans l'Antigone de Sophocle}, booktitle = {Antigone et la résistance civile}, publisher = {Ousia}, year = {2004}, pages = {161--183} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La rhétorique judiciaire dans l'Antigone de Sophocle BT - Antigone et la résistance civile PB - Ousia PY - 2004 SP - 161 EP - 183 ER -
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La société civile et ses droitsCivil Society and Its RightsBenoit Frydman · La société civile et ses droitsBook Chapter2004FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman introduces the modern concept of civil society and its emerging political role in contemporary democracies, drawing on the Dutroux affair in Belgium in 1996 and the anti-globalisation movements to illustrate its spectacular emergence on the political stage. He retraces the rich historical evolution of this concept from the ancient Greek political community to the modern era, examining how contemporary civil society has redefined itself as a 'third sector' composed principally of non-governmental organisations and social movements pursuing objectives of general interest while maintaining its independence from both the State apparatus and market forces. The author sets out three central questions that the volume proposes to address: the definition of civil society and the determination of its composition, the legitimate role it may play in national, European and international political processes, and the constitutional status, rights and responsibilities appropriate to it.
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« La société civile et ses droits », in La société civile et ses droits, dir. B. Frydman, Bruxelles, Bruylant, col. « Penser le droit », 2004, pp. 1-18.
@incollection{frydman_2004_societe_civile_ses_droits, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La société civile et ses droits}, booktitle = {La société civile et ses droits}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2004}, pages = {1--18} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La société civile et ses droits BT - La société civile et ses droits PB - Bruylant PY - 2004 SP - 1 EP - 18 ER -
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La société civile et ses droitsCivil Society and Its RightsEdited by Benoit Frydman · BruylantMonograph / Book2004FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Depuis la marche blanche et les défilés anti-mondialisation, la société civile occupe le devant de la scène politique tant nationale qu'internationale. Mais qu'est-ce au juste que la société civile ? Quel est son rôle dans une démocratie ? Quel est son statut dans l'ordre constitutionnel et quels sont ses droits ? Autant de questions abordées dans ce livre qui retrace les épisodes marquants de l'histoire de la société civile et fait le point sur l'un des phénomènes les plus originaux et les plus passionnants de la vie politique contemporaine. Au carrefour de la philosophie, du droit et de la science politique, cet ouvrage s'adresse à tous ceux qui réfléchissent à la démocratie et s'intéressent à ses évolutions.
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La société civile et ses droits, dir. B. Frydman, Bruxelles, Bruylant, col. « Penser le droit », 2004.
@book{frydman_2004_societe_civile_ses_droits_2, title = {La société civile et ses droits}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {2004} }TY - BOOK TI - La société civile et ses droits PB - Bruylant PY - 2004 ER -
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Classer les droits de l'hommeClassifying Human RightsBenoit Frydman · Journal du juristeMagazine / Press Article2003FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the problem of classifying human rights in the contemporary era, showing that the continuous proliferation of new rights and new categories of rights holders (children, women, migrants, future generations) risks diluting and trivializing rights that should be considered primordial and universal, as well as creating risks of fragmentation, increased complexity, and confiscation. He systematically analyzes several classification models proposed within the international and European legal orders: the system of generations (civil and political, economic and social, environmental), exegetical or alphabetical classifications, and classification according to the degree of rights protection. He positively evaluates the innovation represented by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union adopted in Nice in 2000, which adopts a thematic classification grouping rights around six substantive categories: dignity, freedoms, equality, solidarity, citizenship, and justice.
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« Classer les droits de l'homme », Journal du juriste, 2003.
@article{frydman_2003_classer_droits_homme, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Classer les droits de l'homme}, journal = {Journal du juriste}, year = {2003} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Classer les droits de l'homme JO - Journal du juriste PY - 2003 ER -
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Divorcing Power and Reason: Spinoza and the Founding of Modern LawBenoit Frydman · Cardozo Law ReviewJournal Article2003EN
Benoit Frydman explores Spinoza's transformative role in restructuring the foundations of modern legal thought through close analysis of his Theologico-Political Treatise, identifying two essential and interlocking contributions. First, Spinoza fundamentally demolished the scholastic "legal model of thought" (ratio more juridico) that had dominated jurisprudential and scientific practice until the sixteenth century. Second, Spinoza was instrumental in establishing the defining modern legal dichotomy between natural law (grounded in universal reason and accessible through geometric demonstration) and positive law (expressing the will and authority of sovereigns). Frydman argues persuasively that this foundational distinction was neither inevitable nor self-evident but rather a strategic methodological device designed to challenge scholastic and religious authorities while creating intellectual space for modern scientific development. Paradoxically, this separation ultimately enabled legal positivism to become resistant to rational critique, creating an unintended divergence between authority and reason that later philosophers would struggle to overcome.
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"Divorcing Power and Reason : Spinoza and the Founding of Modern Law", 25 Cardozo Law Review (2003), 607-625.
@article{frydman_2003_divorcing_power_reason_spinoza, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Divorcing Power and Reason: Spinoza and the Founding of Modern Law}, journal = {Cardozo Law Review}, year = {2003}, volume = {25}, pages = {607--625} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Divorcing Power and Reason: Spinoza and the Founding of Modern Law JO - Cardozo Law Review PY - 2003 VL - 25 SP - 607 EP - 625 ER -
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L'Europe légifère contre le racismeEurope Legislates Against RacismBenoit Frydman · Journal du juristeMagazine / Press Article2003FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes a proposed European Union framework decision aimed at harmonizing the criminal law of Member States in the fight against racism and xenophobia. He outlines the broad spectrum of criminalized activities—racist propaganda in all its forms, public incitement to racial hatred and violence, the condoning and denial of crimes against humanity, as well as the leadership and support of racist groups—and details the obligations imposed on States. These include the adoption of effective sanctions involving custodial sentences, the consideration of racist motivation as an aggravating circumstance, and the establishment of jurisdiction to prosecute these offenses committed on their territory or by their nationals. However, Benoit Frydman notes the paradox that the most severe anti-racist legislation does not guarantee an effective reduction in racism, arguing that the anti-racist struggle primarily requires civic mobilization, collective awareness, and the education of youth, with the law serving mainly to establish essential normative benchmarks.
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« L'Europe légifère contre le racisme », Journal du juriste, 2003.
@article{frydman_2003_europe_legifere_contre_racisme, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'Europe légifère contre le racisme}, journal = {Journal du juriste}, year = {2003} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'Europe légifère contre le racisme JO - Journal du juriste PY - 2003 ER -
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Le jury et la mortThe Jury and DeathBenoit Frydman · Journal du juristeMagazine / Press Article2003FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article analyzes two recent decisions by the United States Supreme Court that significantly challenge the application of the death penalty: the first declares the imposition of capital punishment by a judge without jury intervention to be unconstitutional, while the second prohibits the execution of persons with mild intellectual disability. Benoit Frydman examines these decisions in light of due process guarantees and the fundamental right to a trial by jury, highlighting that this innovative jurisprudence could potentially spare the lives of several hundred individuals currently on death row. The author places these developments within the context of a significant divergence between Europe, which abolished capital punishment in 1985, and the United States, which continues to resort massively to capital execution, while interpreting these decisions as a sign that the Supreme Court is becoming increasingly sensitive to international pressure in favor of abolition.
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« Le jury et la mort », Journal du juriste, 2003.
@article{frydman_2002_jury_mort, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le jury et la mort}, journal = {Journal du juriste}, year = {2003} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le jury et la mort JO - Journal du juriste PY - 2003 ER -
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Une convention internationale contre la haine sur InternetAn International Convention Against Hate on the InternetBenoit Frydman · Journal du juristeMagazine / Press Article2003FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
On November 7, 2002, the Council of Europe adopted an additional protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, the result of complex negotiations, aimed at combating the proliferation of racist and xenophobic content disseminated via the Internet, estimated at over 3,000 hate sites. Benoit Frydman explains that this new instrument represents a political compromise allowing the participation of the United States, whose delegation had opposed the inclusion of hate speech in the main treaty by invoking the First Amendment of its Constitution and Supreme Court jurisprudence protecting political freedom of expression. The article examines the real challenges regarding the protocol's effectiveness, notably the absence of provisions against the abusive hosting of sites, while noting that the European standard prohibiting racism and xenophobia is gradually asserting itself through the voluntary application of this standard by major private Internet operators such as Google and eBay.
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« Une convention internationale contre la haine sur Internet », Journal du juriste, 2003.
@article{frydman_2003_convention_internationale_contre_haine, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Une convention internationale contre la haine sur Internet}, journal = {Journal du juriste}, year = {2003} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Une convention internationale contre la haine sur Internet JO - Journal du juriste PY - 2003 ER -
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fighting nazi and anti-semitic material on the internet: the yahoo! case and its global implicationsBenoit Frydman et Isabelle Rorive · n. p.Journal Article2002EN
Benoît Frydman and Isabelle Rorive provide detailed analysis of the Yahoo! case, a landmark decision in which a French court ordered the American search engine and auction site operator to block access from French territory to websites hosting Nazi paraphernalia, revisionist Holocaust materials, and anti-Semitic content. The authors systematically address Yahoo!'s principal legal defenses—absence of French jurisdiction, claim of passive conduit status, invocation of First Amendment protections, and assertions of technical impossibility—and explain how the French court rejected each argument, asserting the applicability of French law to content accessible within its territory. The analysis highlights the subsequent California federal court decision rendering the French judgment unenforceable in the United States on First Amendment grounds, thereby exposing the fundamental normative divide between American absolutist conceptions of free speech and the European framework understanding free speech as a qualified right legitimately subject to restrictions needed to prevent hate speech and Nazi propaganda.
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« fighting nazi and anti-semitic material on the internet: the yahoo! case and its global implications », 2002.
@article{frydman_2002_fighting_nazi_anti_semitic, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Rorive, Isabelle}, title = {fighting nazi and anti-semitic material on the internet: the yahoo! case and its global implications}, year = {2002}, pages = {1--10} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Rorive, Isabelle TI - fighting nazi and anti-semitic material on the internet: the yahoo! case and its global implications PY - 2002 SP - 1 EP - 10 ER -
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John Rawls, philosophe de la JusticeJohn Rawls, Philosopher of JusticeBenoit Frydman · Journal du JuristeMagazine / Press Article2002FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman traces the philosophical trajectory of John Rawls, who passed away in 2002, highlighting the significance of his 'Theory of Justice', which is founded on the veil of ignorance and the principles of equal liberty and difference. The author demonstrates how Rawls, in his later works, integrated value pluralism through an overlapping consensus and attempted to extend his model to the global level in 'The Law of Peoples', thereby establishing Rawls as the greatest post-war political philosopher.
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« John Rawls, philosophe de la Justice », Journal du juriste, 2002.
@article{frydman_2002_john_rawls_philosophe_justice, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {John Rawls, philosophe de la Justice}, publisher = {Journal du Juriste}, year = {2002} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - John Rawls, philosophe de la Justice PB - Journal du Juriste PY - 2002 ER -
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L'autorité des interprétations de la Cour d'ArbitrageThe Authority of the Interpretations of the Court of ArbitrationBenoit Frydman · Revue de droit de l'U.L.B.Journal Article2002FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes the practice of conciliatory interpretations by the Belgian Court of Arbitration, a technique through which the Court proposes a reading of the law that is compatible with the Constitution rather than annulling it. The author argues that this practice is legitimate and indispensable: the Court must take into account the interpretation given by judges to legal provisions, and it is natural for the judge to seek to preserve laws by rectifying them in accordance with the Constitution. Conciliatory interpretations enjoy persuasive authority without being formally binding on other courts.
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« L'autorité des interprétations de la Cour d'arbitrage », in La Cour d'arbitrage et le droit privé, Revue de droit de l'U.L.B., n° 25, 2002, pp. 107-127.
@article{frydman_2002_autorite_interpretations_cour_arbitrage, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'autorité des interprétations de la Cour d'Arbitrage}, journal = {Revue de droit de l'U.L.B.}, year = {2002}, volume = {25}, number = {25}, pages = {107--127} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'autorité des interprétations de la Cour d'Arbitrage JO - Revue de droit de l'U.L.B. PY - 2002 VL - 25 IS - 25 SP - 107 EP - 127 ER -
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Le contrôle judiciaire de la presseJudicial Control of the PressBenoit Frydman · Auteurs & MédiasJournal Article2002FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Jacques Englebert and Benoit Frydman criticize Belgian case law, notably the 2000 Leempoel judgment of the Court of Cassation, which authorizes judges to preventively prohibit or limit the distribution of the press to protect the rights and reputation of individuals. The authors demonstrate that this ad hoc and arbitrary balancing of interests violates the absolute constitutional prohibition of censorship and contradicts the strict and well-established requirements of the European Court of Human Rights. According to the latter, limitations on freedom of the press must be predefined by law, precisely delimited, and justified by overriding public interests. Resorting to a case-by-case assessment undermines legal certainty and transforms the judge into a subjective arbiter of public debates.
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« Le contrôle judiciaire de la presse », Auteurs & Médias, n° 2002/6, pp. 485-503.
@article{frydman_2002_controle_judiciaire_presse, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le contrôle judiciaire de la presse}, journal = {Auteurs & Médias}, publisher = {Larcier}, year = {2002}, number = {2002/6}, pages = {485--503} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le contrôle judiciaire de la presse JO - Auteurs & Médias PB - Larcier PY - 2002 IS - 2002/6 SP - 485 EP - 503 ER -
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Le droit privé de contenuLaw Deprived of ContentBenoit Frydman · Refaire la démocratieBook Chapter2002FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman argues that contemporary legal transformations represent not a reallocation of power between authorities but a hollowing out of law's normative substance through deregulation and market-driven rationality. Analyzing supranational institutions, Internet governance, and judicial practice, he demonstrates how the appearance of juridical proliferation masks a crisis of legal prescription, wherein substantive rules systematically disappear while formal structures of authority proliferate.
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« Le droit privé de contenu » in Refaire la démocratie, Paris, Syllepse, 2002, pp. 53-64.
@incollection{frydman_nd_droit_prive_contenu, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le droit privé de contenu}, booktitle = {Refaire la démocratie}, publisher = {Syllepse}, year = {2002}, pages = {53--64} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le droit privé de contenu BT - Refaire la démocratie PB - Syllepse PY - 2002 SP - 53 EP - 64 ER -
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Les droits de l'Homme en ligneHuman Rights OnlineBenoit Frydman · n. p.Magazine / Press Article2002FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
A research team from the Centre de Philosophie du Droit at the Université Libre de Bruxelles developed an open-access online database titled Human Rights Network International under the coordination of Ludovic Hennebel and supervision of Guy Haarscher and Benoit Frydman. The site provides free access to the full text of international human rights conventions and declarations, major jurisprudence from Europe and worldwide in French and English, along with selected scholarly articles, a directory of over three hundred human rights actors (international organizations, research institutes, NGOs), and a thematic classification system enabling targeted research. Officially inaugurated at an international colloquium in October, this project aims to democratize access to legal information in the field of human rights.
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« Les droits de l'Homme en ligne », 2002.
@article{frydman_nd_droits_homme_ligne, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les droits de l'Homme en ligne}, year = {2002} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les droits de l'Homme en ligne PY - 2002 ER -
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Philosophie du droitPhilosophy of LawBenoit Frydman et Guy Haarscher · DallozMonograph / Book2002FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This introduction to the Philosophy of Law examines the fundamental questions of contemporary legal thought: what is justice, and how can a society establish just norms through reason? The authors distinguish the philosophy of law (which focuses on justice and rules) from political philosophy (which focuses on power), and argue that modern philosophy of law, particularly the procedural theories of John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas, abandons the ambition of abstractly determining the social contract to recognize that just norms necessarily emerge from genuine collective discussion, which the reasonable argumentation of Chaim Perelman helps to illuminate and critique. The book then examines how these principles materialize in the equitable distribution of goods, the exercise of judgment, and the protection of human rights.
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Philosophie du droit, coauteur avec G. Haarscher, Paris, Dalloz, 1998, 138 pp. ; 2ème édition refondue, Paris, Dalloz, 2001 ; 3ème édition actualisée Paris, Dalloz, 2010.
@book{frydman_2002_philosophie_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Haarscher, Guy}, title = {Philosophie du droit}, publisher = {Dalloz}, year = {2002} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Haarscher, Guy TI - Philosophie du droit PB - Dalloz PY - 2002 ER -
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Regulating Internet Content through Intermediaries in Europe and the USABenoit Frydman et Isabelle Rorive · Zeitschrift für RechtssoziologieJournal Article2002EN
Benoît Frydman and Isabelle Rorive examine how Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have become central to the enforcement of divergent national free speech standards in a borderless online environment. While the First Amendment protects racist speech in the United States, most European countries criminalize it, creating regulatory conflicts when controversial content is hosted across borders. The authors analyze landmark cases—including Compuserve, Yahoo!, and J'accuse!—demonstrating how European courts have attempted to enforce domestic laws against internationally-hosted content. They argue that conditional liability exemptions and "notice and take down" procedures risk institutionalizing private censorship of speech that would otherwise qualify for protection.
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« Regulating Internet Content Through Intermediaries in Europe and in the U.S.A. », avec Isabelle Rorive, Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 23 (2002), pp. 41-59.
@article{frydman_2002_regulating_internet_content_through, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Rorive, Isabelle}, title = {Regulating Internet Content through Intermediaries in Europe and the USA}, journal = {Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie}, publisher = {Lucius & Lucius}, year = {2002}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {41--59}, doi = {10.1515/zfrs-2002-0104} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Rorive, Isabelle TI - Regulating Internet Content through Intermediaries in Europe and the USA JO - Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie PB - Lucius & Lucius PY - 2002 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 41 EP - 59 DO - 10.1515/zfrs-2002-0104 ER -
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De l'art d'écrire à l'art de lire : Le modèle straussien de l'interprétationFrom the Art of Writing to the Art of Reading: The Straussian Model of InterpretationBenoit Frydman · Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d'écrire, politiqueBook Chapter2001FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman proposes to identify a Straussian model of textual interpretation based on medieval hermeneutics, highlighting how Leo Strauss analyzes Spinoza's enterprise in the Theological-Political Treatise. Spinoza founds modern hermeneutics by separating the meaning of the text from its truth, which defuses the normative power of the Bible and paves the way for modern natural law. Benoit Frydman concludes that the choice of a method of interpretation determines the relationship a civilization maintains with its tradition and takes on a crucial political dimension, in opposition to dominant historicism.
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« De l'art d'écrire à l'art de lire : les enjeux juridico-politiques de l'interprétation », in E. Cattin, B. Frydman et L. Jaffro, Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d'écrire, politique, Paris, Vrin, 2000, pp. 165-179.
@incollection{frydman_nd_art_ecrire_art_lire, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {De l'art d'écrire à l'art de lire : Le modèle straussien de l'interprétation}, booktitle = {Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d'écrire, politique}, publisher = {Vrin}, year = {2001}, pages = {165--179}, doi = {10.4000/books.vrin.22443} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - De l'art d'écrire à l'art de lire : Le modèle straussien de l'interprétation BT - Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d'écrire, politique PB - Vrin PY - 2001 SP - 165 EP - 179 DO - 10.4000/books.vrin.22443 ER -
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Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politiqueLeo Strauss: Philosophy, Art of Writing, PoliticsEdited by Benoit Frydman, E. Cattin, L. Jaffro et Alain Petit · VrinMonograph / Book2001FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This prologue, written by E. Cattin, Benoit Frydman, L. Jaffro, and A. Petit, examines how to read Leo Strauss by emphasizing that his commentaries on classical and modern works constitute a singular oeuvre that escapes the traditional category of the 'history of philosophy'. The authors emphasize Strauss's deliberate hermeneutic strategy, which integrates history into a carefully orchestrated methodology whose true end goes beyond a purely historical aim, in order to address the central question of the very possibility of philosophy in the city. Strauss meticulously reconstructs within the texts of the tradition the political conditions that make philosophy viable, notably examining the relationship between truth and history through the persistent conflict between the Ancients and the Moderns.
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Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d'écrire, politique, coéditeur avec E. Cattin, L. Jaffro et Alain Petit, Paris, Vrin, 2000, 320 pp.
@book{frydman_2001_untitled, title = {Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique}, publisher = {Vrin}, year = {2001}, doi = {10.4000/books.vrin.22338} }TY - BOOK TI - Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique PB - Vrin PY - 2001 DO - 10.4000/books.vrin.22338 ER -
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Prologue à Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politiquePrologue to Leo Strauss: Philosophy, Art of Writing, PoliticsE Cattin, Benoit Frydman, L Jaffro et A Petit · Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politiqueBook Chapter2001FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This collection introduces the singular hermeneutic method of Leo Strauss, based on a meticulous and rigorous reading of philosophical texts combined with the recognition of an oblique and veiled "art of writing" that governs philosophical production in contexts of persecution and censorship. The authors emphasize that Strauss reconstructs within the tradition the vital questions concerning the political and theologico-political conditions of possibility for philosophy itself, notably the tension between persecution and freedom of expression, between historical truth and philosophical teaching, and between ancient and modern philosophy. The volume, resulting from an international symposium held at the Sorbonne in December 1998, offers a careful reading of the figure who undoubtedly remains the most difficult, disconcerting, and influential commentator in the history of political philosophy.
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« Prologue à Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique », in Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique, Vrin, 2001.
@incollection{frydman_nd_untitled_2, author = {Cattin, E and Frydman, Benoit and Jaffro, L and Petit, A}, title = {Prologue à Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique}, booktitle = {Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique}, publisher = {Vrin}, year = {2001}, doi = {10.4000/books.vrin.22338} }TY - CHAP AU - Cattin, E AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Jaffro, L AU - Petit, A TI - Prologue à Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique BT - Léo Strauss : philosophie, art d’écrire, politique PB - Vrin PY - 2001 DO - 10.4000/books.vrin.22338 ER -
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Vers un statut de la société civile dans l'ordre internationalTowards a Status for Civil Society in the International OrderBenoit Frydman · Revue Droits FondamentauxJournal Article2001FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman defines contemporary civil society as an autonomous 'third sector' situated between the State and the market, one that plays a role essential to modern democracy through its function of criticism and mobilisation of public opinion. He analyses the structural tension between the participatory engagement of non-governmental organisations at the international level and the need to maintain a critical distance, arguing for the democratisation of international organisations rather than for a mere institutionalisation of organised civil society.
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« Vers un statut de la société civile dans l'ordre international », Revue Droits Fondamentaux, 2001, n° 2002, n° 1 (http://www.refer.sn/revue-df).
@article{frydman_2001_vers_statut_societe_civile, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Vers un statut de la société civile dans l'ordre international}, journal = {Revue Droits Fondamentaux}, year = {2001}, volume = {2001-2002}, number = {1}, pages = {150--156} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Vers un statut de la société civile dans l'ordre international JO - Revue Droits Fondamentaux PY - 2001 VL - 2001-2002 IS - 1 SP - 150 EP - 156 ER -
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Justice et opinion publique : qui contrôle qui ?Justice and Public Opinion: Who Controls Whom?Benoit Frydman · I.D.J.Magazine / Press Article2000FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Following the political crisis triggered by the Dutroux affair, Benoit Frydman analyzes the paradoxical relationship between justice and public opinion in Belgium. The establishment of the High Council of Justice aims to strengthen democratic control over the judiciary through transparency and public information. However, simultaneously, case law reveals an intensification of judicial censorship and sanctions against journalists criticizing magistrates, which contradicts the constitutional principle that in a democracy, it is public opinion that controls the powers and not the reverse.
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« Justice et opinion publique : qui contrôle qui ? », I.D.J., 2000, n° 10, Chronique disciplines métajuridiques, pp. 87-88.
@article{frydman_2000_justice_opinion_publique_qui, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Justice et opinion publique : qui contrôle qui ?}, journal = {I.D.J.}, year = {2000}, number = {10}, pages = {87--88} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Justice et opinion publique : qui contrôle qui ? JO - I.D.J. PY - 2000 IS - 10 SP - 87 EP - 88 ER -
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L'opinion publique et la ConstitutionPublic Opinion and the ConstitutionBenoit Frydman · IEJMagazine / Press Article2000FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman argues that, despite their explicit absence from the Belgian Constitution, public opinion and civil society constitute the intimate foundation of modern constitutional democracy. This foundation rests on three essential pillars: the principle of publicity requiring the publication of all State acts, the constitutional guarantees of fundamental freedoms protecting free public debate and freedom of association, as well as freedom of the press. Together, these principles establish a constitutional framework allowing for the permanent control and oversight of public authorities. Benoit Frydman highlights this framework through a historical and contemporary analysis, contrasting constitutional ideals with their frequent violation in practice, particularly during secret political negotiations and through the judicial censorship of political criticism.
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« L'opinion publique et la Constitution », IEJ, 2000.
@article{frydman_2000_opinion_publique_constitution, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'opinion publique et la Constitution}, publisher = {IEJ}, year = {2000} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'opinion publique et la Constitution PB - IEJ PY - 2000 ER -
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La cohabitation légale et le droit naturelLegal Cohabitation and Natural LawBenoit Frydman · I.D.J.Journal Article2000FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This editorial by Benoit Frydman critiques the Belgian law of November 23, 1998, establishing legal cohabitation, designed to respond to the demands of homosexual couples seeking legal recognition and the protection of their rights. Benoit Frydman, although in favor of the principle of equality and the abolition of discrimination based on sexual orientation, denounces the major legal confusion that this law introduces between the concept of the couple and that of kinship, risking the legalization of incestuous unions. He particularly highlights the hypocrisy of the mechanism, reduced to its sole patrimonial effects to conceal its sexual and emotional dimension, which makes it potentially applicable to non-conjugal or even prohibited family relationships.
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« La cohabitation légale et le droit naturel », I.D.J., 2000, n° 5, Chronique disciplines métajuridiques, pp. 59-60.
@article{frydman_2000_cohabitation_legale_droit_naturel, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La cohabitation légale et le droit naturel}, journal = {I.D.J.}, year = {2000}, number = {5}, pages = {59--60} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La cohabitation légale et le droit naturel JO - I.D.J. PY - 2000 IS - 5 SP - 59 EP - 60 ER -
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Le droit des contrats à la lumière de la philosophie de l'action : indécidabilité, coopération et révisionContract Law in the Light of the Philosophy of Action: Undecidability, Cooperation and RevisionBenoit Frydman · L'argumentation. Droit, philosophie et sciences socialesBook Chapter2000FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman argues that positive contract law has effectively taken a pragmatic turn that radically transforms classical contract theory. Rather than focusing exclusively on the precise moment of the formation of consent and the mysterious meeting of the minds, contemporary case law now considers the much broader context of cooperation between parties: pre-contractual negotiations that already bind the parties, legitimate expectations raised by the behavior and discourse of the partners, as well as successive and continuous revisions during the performance phase. Benoit Frydman demonstrates that the philosophy of action, notably the theory of undecidable and revisable cooperation developed by Pierre Livet, provides a more relevant analytical framework than the economic analysis of law to account for this recent jurisprudential evolution, which recognizes contracts as dynamic processes of human cooperation rather than as mere static exchanges of wills.
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« Le droit des contrats à la lumière de la philosophie de l'action : indécidabilité, coopération et révision » in L'argumentation. Droit, philosophie et sciences sociales, sous la direction de P. Livet, Saint-Nicolas (Canada), L'Harmattan et les Presses universitaires de Laval, 2000, pp. 145-178.
@incollection{frydman_nd_droit_contrats_lumiere_philosophie, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le droit des contrats à la lumière de la philosophie de l'action : indécidabilité, coopération et révision}, booktitle = {L'argumentation. Droit, philosophie et sciences sociales}, publisher = {L'Harmattan et les Presses universitaires de Laval}, year = {2000}, pages = {145--178} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le droit des contrats à la lumière de la philosophie de l'action : indécidabilité, coopération et révision BT - L'argumentation. Droit, philosophie et sciences sociales PB - L'Harmattan et les Presses universitaires de Laval PY - 2000 SP - 145 EP - 178 ER -
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Le droit, de la modernité à la postmodernitéLaw, from Modernity to PostmodernityBenoit Frydman · RéseauxJournal Article2000FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the paradoxical relationship between modern and postmodern juridical thought. While modernity aspired to ground political and social organization solely through reason—via the social contract, systematic legal codification, and mechanical jurisprudence—postmodernity has thoroughly deconstructed these epistemological foundations. Yet contemporary practice paradoxically invokes fundamental rights and constitutional principles with increasing frequency, revealing a pragmatic stance toward law despite recognition of its theoretical fragility.
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« Le droit, de la modernité à la postmodernité », Réseaux, 2000, n° 88-90, pp. 67-76.
@article{frydman_nd_droit_modernite_postmodernite, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le droit, de la modernité à la postmodernité}, journal = {Réseaux}, year = {2000}, number = {88-90}, pages = {67--76} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le droit, de la modernité à la postmodernité JO - Réseaux PY - 2000 IS - 88-90 SP - 67 EP - 76 ER -
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Le projet scientifique de François GényThe Scientific Project of François GényBenoit Frydman · François Gény, mythe et réalités : 1899-1999. Centenaire de Méthode d'interprétation et sources en droit privé positifBook Chapter2000FR
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Benoit Frydman analyses François Gény's scientific project as a major paradigmatic break in nineteenth-century legal methodology. Gény resolutely rejects the traditional approach grounded in the philological analysis of formal sources in favour of a 'free scientific research' based on the direct investigation of objective reality and on the balancing of conflicting interests and values. The work forms part of the renewal of the modern project of constructing law as an exact science founded on reason, in critical dialogue with the emergence of the positivist sociology of Comte and Durkheim.
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« Le projet scientifique de François Gény » in Cl. Thomasset ed., François Gény, mythe et réalités : 1899, n° 1999. Centenaire de Méthode d'interprétation et sources en droit privé positif, Blais - Dalloz – Bruylant, 2000, pp. 213-231.
@incollection{frydman_2000_projet_scientifique_francois_geny, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le projet scientifique de François Gény}, booktitle = {François Gény, mythe et réalités : 1899-1999. Centenaire de Méthode d'interprétation et sources en droit privé positif}, publisher = {Blais - Dalloz – Bruylant}, year = {2000}, pages = {213--231} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le projet scientifique de François Gény BT - François Gény, mythe et réalités : 1899-1999. Centenaire de Méthode d'interprétation et sources en droit privé positif PB - Blais - Dalloz – Bruylant PY - 2000 SP - 213 EP - 231 ER -
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Les nouveaux rapports entre droit et économie : trois hypothèses concurrentesThe new relations between law and economics: three competing hypothesesBenoit Frydman · Le droit dans l'action économiqueBook Chapter2000FR
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Benoit Frydman synthesizes three theoretically distinct yet complementary approaches to understanding law-economy relations: economic analysis of law (which risks reducing law to instrumental optimization for market efficiency and represents a modern natural law theory), Luhmann's autopoietic systems theory (which insists on functional autonomy and contingent coupling mechanisms), and Habermas's communicative rationality (which highlights law's ambivalent mediation between economic system and civil society). All three models converge on a central problem: the translation of values, data, and objectives across system boundaries necessarily involves distortion and loss, requiring neither economic reductionism nor absolute legal autonomy but rather nuanced understanding of complex systemic interactions.
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« Les nouveaux rapports entre droit et économie : trois hypothèses concurrentes » in Le droit dans l'action économique, dir. Th. Kirat et E. Serverin, Paris, Ed. du C.N.R.S., 2000, pp. 25-41.
@incollection{frydman_2000_nouveaux_rapports_entre_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les nouveaux rapports entre droit et économie : trois hypothèses concurrentes}, booktitle = {Le droit dans l'action économique}, publisher = {Ed. du C.N.R.S.}, year = {2000}, pages = {25--41} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les nouveaux rapports entre droit et économie : trois hypothèses concurrentes BT - Le droit dans l'action économique PB - Ed. du C.N.R.S. PY - 2000 SP - 25 EP - 41 ER -
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Politiques de prévention et modèles de citoyennetéBenoit Frydman · Actes du congrès des ateliers de la préventionBook Chapter2000FR
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Benoit Frydman présente une synthèse critique de quatre modèles théoriques concurrents de citoyenneté et d'intégration sociale: le modèle libéral fondé sur la priorité de l'individu et un État limité aux fonctions de sécurité; le modèle social-démocrate reposant sur le contrat de travail stable et les mécanismes de l'État-providence; le modèle communautarien valorisant la restauration des corps intermédiaires et de l'appartenance commune; et un modèle politique de citoyenneté active centré sur la participation de la société civile. Ces modèles constituent des instruments analytiques perfectibles pour orienter la réflexion sur les politiques de prévention. L'auteur identifie les crises structurelles de chaque modèle et soutient que la restauration du lien social exige une nouvelle forme de participation démocratique où les citoyens se conçoivent comme auteurs et destinataires des normes.
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« Politiques de prévention et modèles de citoyenneté », in Actes du congrès des ateliers de la prévention, Charleroi, 2000.
@incollection{frydman_2000_politiques_prevention_modeles_citoyennete, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Politiques de prévention et modèles de citoyenneté}, booktitle = {Actes du congrès des ateliers de la prévention}, year = {2000} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Politiques de prévention et modèles de citoyenneté BT - Actes du congrès des ateliers de la prévention PY - 2000 ER -
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Disciplines métajuridiquesMeta-legal DisciplinesBenoit Frydman · I.D.J.Journal Article1999FR
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Benoit Frydman analyzes the spectacular evolution of the relationship between law and political action in Belgium, characterized by a shift from the principle of the separation of powers toward an increasing intervention of judicial review. Traditionally, the separation of powers exempted political institutions from any legal constraint; this 'lawless zone' entrenched the political sphere in impunity. The situation changed rapidly under the pressure of scandals and an increased distrust toward public officials. Benoit Frydman particularly examines the Belgian law of February 12, 1999, regulating political parties that convey racist or xenophobic ideologies through mechanisms such as the prohibition of public funding and the correctionalization of offenses.
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« L'intervention du droit dans la vie politique », I.D.J., 1999, n° 12, Chronique disciplines métajuridiques, pp. 89-90.
@article{frydman_1999_disciplines_metajuridiques, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Disciplines métajuridiques}, journal = {I.D.J.}, year = {1999}, number = {12}, pages = {89--90} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Disciplines métajuridiques JO - I.D.J. PY - 1999 IS - 12 SP - 89 EP - 90 ER -
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L'impartialité : la longue et difficile application d'un principe général du droitImpartiality: The Long and Difficult Application of a General Principle of LawBenoit Frydman · I.D.J.Journal Article1999FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines impartiality as a fundamental principle of judicial organisation through a critical review of recent Belgian case law. His analysis focuses on the tensions binding this principle to other competing principles, notably the equality of citizens and the judge's right to obtain adequate information. Frydman criticises in particular the restrictive interpretation that the courts impose on the grounds for recusal, a method that paralyses the application of the general principle of impartiality by obstructing recusal whenever the appearance of impartiality is compromised. This case law also raises delicate questions regarding the self-review exercised by supreme courts in matters of recusal.
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« L'impartialité : la longue et difficile application d'un principe général du droit », I.D.J., 1999, n° 5, Chronique disciplines métajuridiques, pp. 79-80.
@article{frydman_1999_impartialite_longue_difficile_application, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'impartialité : la longue et difficile application d'un principe général du droit}, journal = {I.D.J.}, year = {1999}, number = {5}, pages = {79--80} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'impartialité : la longue et difficile application d'un principe général du droit JO - I.D.J. PY - 1999 IS - 5 SP - 79 EP - 80 ER -
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Le pari de Protagoras : la participation citoyenne au Conseil Supérieur de la JusticeProtagoras's Wager: Citizen Participation in the High Council of JusticeBenoit Frydman · Le Conseil Supérieur de la JusticeBook Chapter1999FR
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Benoit Frydman argues that citizen participation in Belgium's High Council of Justice finds its philosophical foundation in the democratic principle set out by Protagoras, according to which justice, as a collective virtue essential to the survival of the state, must be distributed equally among all citizens rather than reserved to specialists. He examines the several categories of Council members—magistrates, lawyers (as professionals), academics (as independent experts), and lay citizens—arguing that non-magistrate citizen representatives should be selected for their capacity to convey the voice and lived experience of civil society rather than for technical legal expertise. The institutional design and nomination procedures must secure both democratic legitimacy and practical effectiveness of governance, so as to rebuild public confidence through meaningful civic dialogue on judicial matters.
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« La participation citoyenne au Conseil Supérieur de la Justice : le pari de Protagoras », in Le Conseil Supérieur de la Justice, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1999, pp. 93-99.
@incollection{frydman_nd_pari_protagoras_participation_citoyenne, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le pari de Protagoras : la participation citoyenne au Conseil Supérieur de la Justice}, booktitle = {Le Conseil Supérieur de la Justice}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {1999}, pages = {93--99} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le pari de Protagoras : la participation citoyenne au Conseil Supérieur de la Justice BT - Le Conseil Supérieur de la Justice PB - Bruylant PY - 1999 SP - 93 EP - 99 ER -
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Les transformations du droit moderneThe Transformations of Modern LawBenoit Frydman · Story-ScientiaMonograph / Book1999FR
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Ce livre examine les transformations fondamentales du droit moderne à la lumière de la postmodernité. Benoît Frydman retrace comment les systèmes juridiques ont évolué des fondations rationalistes des Lumières (droits individuels, contrat social, séparation des pouvoirs) par l'expansion administrative et technocratique de l'État social, à des alternatives postmodernes contemporaines qui reconçoivent le rôle du droit par l'analyse économique, les valeurs communautaires, ou l'éthique procédurale. L'ouvrage interroge comment le droit peut accomplir à la fois sa fonction régulatrice et son rôle dans la construction de la citoyenneté et du sens social.
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Les transformations du droit moderne, Bruxelles, Story-Scientia, 1999, 135 pp.
@book{frydman_1999_transformations_droit_moderne, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les transformations du droit moderne}, publisher = {Story-Scientia}, year = {1999} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les transformations du droit moderne PB - Story-Scientia PY - 1999 ER -
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Grandeur, déclin et renouveau de la plaidoirie dans l'histoire de la méthodologie juridiqueGreatness, Decline, and Renewal of Oral Pleading in the History of Legal MethodologyBenoit Frydman · La plaidoirieBook Chapter1998FR
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Benoit Frydman analyzes the unjustified historical marginalization of oral pleading in contemporary legal methodology, a depreciation inherited from modern scientism that confines it to pure empiricism. Against this trend, he establishes that judicial rhetoric and oral pleading constituted the core of legal reasoning and its pedagogical transmission, from Roman Antiquity to medieval scholasticism, giving rise to the logical structures and fundamental concepts of law. Benoit Frydman identifies the factors favoring a contemporary rediscovery of the virtues of live adversarial argumentation by justice theorists and practitioners, which is called upon to renew a legal discourse adapted to current requirements.
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« Grandeur, décadence et renouveau de la plaidoirie dans l'histoire de la méthodologie juridique », in La plaidoirie, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1998, pp. 39-63.
@incollection{frydman_nd_grandeur_declin_renouveau_plaidoirie, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Grandeur, déclin et renouveau de la plaidoirie dans l'histoire de la méthodologie juridique}, booktitle = {La plaidoirie}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {1998}, pages = {39--63} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Grandeur, déclin et renouveau de la plaidoirie dans l'histoire de la méthodologie juridique BT - La plaidoirie PB - Bruylant PY - 1998 SP - 39 EP - 63 ER -
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Interview sur la désobéissance civileInterview on Civil DisobedienceBenoit Frydman · ContrepiedMagazine / Press Article1998FR
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This interview examines civil disobedience as a positive expression of democratic participation and a critical reminder of the democratic project, challenging legal positivism, which reduces the obligation to obey to the formal character of the law. The discussion critiques the degeneration of democracy into a technocratic regime where administrative experts make decisions without citizen participation, and it highlights the emergence of a radical democracy based on continuous dialogue between representatives and citizens in the public sphere. Media and the Internet foster this direct participation by enabling citizens to contribute to the development of norms and to demand that governing authorities justify the justice and legitimacy of their decisions.
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« Interview sur la désobéissance civile », Contrepied, 1998.
@article{frydman_nd_interview_sur_desobeissance_civile, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Interview sur la désobéissance civile}, journal = {Contrepied}, publisher = {Contrepied}, year = {1998} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Interview sur la désobéissance civile JO - Contrepied PB - Contrepied PY - 1998 ER -
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Introduction : Méthode du discoursIntroduction: Method of DiscourseBenoit Frydman · La plaidoirieBook Chapter1998FR
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This collective volume, arising from a 1997 conference, seeks to renew the study of the plea (plaidoirie) as an art of persuasion through speech, grounded in argumentation and in the identification of the means proper to persuading the judge. The introduction denounces the almost total absence of systematic training in pleading within universities and the bar, despite its central importance to the legal profession, and refutes the myth according to which pleading would stem from a natural gift rather than from transmissible techniques. The volume brings together contributions from judges, lawyers, philosophers and educators around three axes: the status and functions of the plea, contemporary practices according to the type of litigation and court, and training in this essential art of judicial discourse.
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« Méthode du discours », in La plaidoirie, Bruylant, 1998, pp. 1-10.
@incollection{frydman_1998_introduction_methode_discours, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Introduction : Méthode du discours}, booktitle = {La plaidoirie}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {1998}, pages = {1--10} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Introduction : Méthode du discours BT - La plaidoirie PB - Bruylant PY - 1998 SP - 1 EP - 10 ER -
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La plaidoirieOral PleadingEdited by Benoit Frydman · BruylantMonograph / Book1998FR
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Qu'est-ce qu'une bonne plaidoirie ? Comment la préparer et la réussir ? Comment trouver les mots justes pour traduire les réalités et la vie des hommes et des femmes d'aujourd'hui ? Comment adapter, à chaque fois, sa parole au juge saisi, à la nature du contentieux, à la forme de l'audience et à l'argumentation développée ? Comment, enfin, se former à la plaidoirie, acquérir la maîtrise des techniques variées que suppose cet art difficile ? Avocats et magistrats chevronnés, associés à des spécialistes de la parole et des philosophes du droit, abordent ces questions dans le cadre actuel de la pratique judiciaire belge. Ils proposent des informations précises et des directives claires sur des thèmes concrets : les plaidoiries devant la cour d'assises et le tribunal correctionnel ; les plaidoiries en référé ; les plaidoiries devant des magistrats non professionnels, en particulier devant les juridictions du travail ; les plaidoiries au contentieux objectif, spécialement devant la Cour d'arbitrage ; les techniques et les difficultés propres aux plaidoiries en droit, en particulier aux arguments de procédure ; l'utilisation de l'image et spécialement des images de synthèse à l'appui des plaidoiries ; le statut juridique de la plaidoirie. Ce livre, destiné d'abord aux praticiens et spécialement aux jeunes avocats, s'adresse plus largement à tous ceux pour qui la plaidoirie n'est pas seulement bonne à dire ou à entendre, mais également bonne à penser, à tous ceux qui souhaitent réfléchir à la restauration de la parole et du dialogue au cœur d'une institution judiciaire en crise.
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La plaidoirie, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1998, 200 pp.
@book{frydman_1998_plaidoirie, title = {La plaidoirie}, publisher = {Bruylant}, year = {1998} }TY - BOOK TI - La plaidoirie PB - Bruylant PY - 1998 ER -
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Les transformations du droit moderneThe Transformations of Modern LawBenoit Frydman · Fondation Roi BaudouinReport / Working Paper1998FR
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This report examines the fundamental transformations of modern law in light of postmodernity. Benoit Frydman traces how legal systems have evolved from the rationalist foundations of the Enlightenment (individual rights, social contract, separation of powers) through the administrative and technocratic expansion of the welfare state, to contemporary postmodern alternatives that reconceive the role of law through economic analysis, communitarian values, or procedural ethics. The work questions how law can fulfill both its regulatory function and its role in the construction of citizenship and social meaning.
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Rapport de recherche sur Les transformations du droit moderne, réalisé à la demande de la Fondation Roi Baudouin, dans le cadre du programme collectif de recherche : Citoyen, Droit et Société, 1998, n° 99.
@article{frydman_1998_transformations_droit_moderne, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les transformations du droit moderne}, publisher = {Fondation Roi Baudouin}, year = {1998}, isbn = {2-87212-250-8} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les transformations du droit moderne PB - Fondation Roi Baudouin PY - 1998 SN - 2-87212-250-8 ER -
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L'évolution des normes de scientificité en droitThe Evolution of Standards of Scientificity in LawBenoit Frydman · Normes de scientificité et objet des sciences socialesBook Chapter1997FR
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Benoit Frydman traces the evolution of the standards of scientificity that structured the theory and practice of French law from the early modern period to the nineteenth century, showing how legal discourse was successively constructed according to three major models borrowed from other fields: the geometric model of the modern School of Natural Law, the philological model of the School of Exegesis, and finally the sociological model proposed by Francois Geny at the end of the nineteenth century. The author argues that these standards of scientificity, although transposed from other fields of knowledge, play a fundamental heuristic role in the formation of legal concepts and in legal practice. Drawing on Michel Foucault's epistemology, Frydman shows that law constitutes a privileged site where social practices and strategies of power are articulated into scientific discourses, thereby marking the point of intersection between the archaeology of knowledge and the genealogy of power.
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« L'évolution des normes de scientificité en droit », in Normes de scientificité et objet des sciences sociales, sous la direction d'Hélène Desbrousses, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1997, pp. 91-109.
@incollection{frydman_nd_evolution_normes_scientificite_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'évolution des normes de scientificité en droit}, booktitle = {Normes de scientificité et objet des sciences sociales}, publisher = {L'Harmattan}, year = {1997}, pages = {91--109} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'évolution des normes de scientificité en droit BT - Normes de scientificité et objet des sciences sociales PB - L'Harmattan PY - 1997 SP - 91 EP - 109 ER -
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La démocratie en quête de principesDemocracy in Search of PrinciplesBenoit Frydman · Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiquesJournal Article1997FR
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Benoit Frydman defends the Connerotte judgment of the Belgian Court of Cassation against the criticisms formulated by M. Tanghe, demonstrating that this decision constitutes a genuine judgment of principle grounded directly in the general principles of law rather than a mechanical application of statutory rules. Drawing on the Dworkinian model of hard cases, the author shows that the Court bases its decision on the fundamental constitutional and democratic principle of the impartiality and independence of judges. Frydman argues that procedural judicial ethics—guaranteeing an impartial judge and the opening of an adversarial discussion—constitutes a necessary condition of the legitimacy of judicial power in a democratic regime, even where it complicates procedures. The author concludes that the Connerotte judgment marks a major step in Belgian case law on judicial ethics and should guide the future development of the case law concerning the recusal and removal of judges.
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« La démocratie en quête de principes », R.I.E.J., 1997, n° 39, pp. 150-166.
@article{frydman_1997_democratie_quete_principes, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La démocratie en quête de principes}, journal = {Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiques}, year = {1997}, volume = {39}, pages = {150--166}, doi = {10.3917/riej.039.0150} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La démocratie en quête de principes JO - Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiques PY - 1997 VL - 39 SP - 150 EP - 166 DO - 10.3917/riej.039.0150 ER -
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La philosophie de « l'arrêt Connerotte »The Philosophy of the 'Connerotte Judgment'Benoit Frydman · Journal des ProcèsJournal Article1997FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes the philosophical foundations of the Connerotte decision, in which Belgium's Court of Cassation disqualified a judge from the Dutroux investigation. The author challenges the criticism that the court merely applied the law mechanically, demonstrating instead that it grounded its decision on fundamental principles of democratic justice—particularly judicial impartiality and the right to a fair trial—rather than on explicit legal text. Frydman argues that the court's interpretation reflects a procedural conception of justice based on discussion ethics, requiring not only an impartial judge but also one properly informed; consequently, the court should have heard the victims before pronouncing the disqualification, as procedural principles demand that all parties be given access to the hearing and the opportunity to present their arguments.
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« La philosophie de l'arrêt Connerotte », Journal des Procès, 1997, n° 324, pp. 10-14.
@article{frydman_1997_philosophie_arret_connerotte, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La philosophie de « l'arrêt Connerotte »}, journal = {Journal des Procès}, year = {1997}, number = {324}, pages = {10--14} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La philosophie de « l'arrêt Connerotte » JO - Journal des Procès PY - 1997 IS - 324 SP - 10 EP - 14 ER -
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Le calcul rationnel des droits sur le marché de la justice : l'école de l'analyse économique du droitThe Rational Calculation of Rights on the Justice Market: The Law and Economics SchoolBenoit Frydman · Structure, système, champ et théories du sujetBook Chapter1997FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman examines the Law and Economics school, tracing its development from American legal realism and its expansion from antitrust law to all branches of law. The movement applies neoclassical economics concepts, game theory, and efficiency criteria to analyze and prescribe legal rules. Through concrete examples from American practice, Frydman shows how this approach operates at four levels: private transactions, judicial regulation, the legislative market, and moral problems. He demonstrates the shift from the descriptive to the prescriptive, replacing the fact-value distinction with a 'market naturalism' that elevates economic efficiency to a moral ideal.
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« Le calcul rationnel des droits sur le marché de la justice : l'école de l'analyse économique du droit » in Structure, système, champ et théories du sujet, sous la direction de T. Andréani et M. Rosen, Paris, L'harmattan, col. Ouverture philosophique, 1997, pp. 127-146.
@incollection{frydman_nd_calcul_rationnel_droits_sur, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Le calcul rationnel des droits sur le marché de la justice : l'école de l'analyse économique du droit}, booktitle = {Structure, système, champ et théories du sujet}, publisher = {L'harmattan}, year = {1997}, pages = {127--146} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Le calcul rationnel des droits sur le marché de la justice : l'école de l'analyse économique du droit BT - Structure, système, champ et théories du sujet PB - L'harmattan PY - 1997 SP - 127 EP - 146 ER -
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Procéduralisation et indécidabilitéProceduralization and UndecidabilityBenoit Frydman · International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique JuridiqueJournal Article1997FR
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Benoit Frydman presents Jacques Lenoble's essay on law and communication, which articulates a reflection on the transition from a legal paradigm based on calculative and deterministic reason (liberal state and welfare state) toward a new procedural paradigm inscribed within Jürgen Habermas's communicational philosophy. Benoit Frydman expounds the capital critique that Lenoble directs at Habermas: contrary to Habermas's claim, communication can never produce univocal agreement but remains marked by an irreducible pragmatic undecidability. This thesis fundamentally disrupts traditional legal understanding and requires rethinking the role of judges, the separation of powers, and the relationship between legislative deliberation and judicial application, as illustrated by the emergence of constitutional review through proportionality testing and the proliferation of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.
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« Procéduralisation et indécidabilité », International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, 1997, pp. 329-335.
@article{frydman_nd_proceduralisation_indecidabilite, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Procéduralisation et indécidabilité}, journal = {International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique}, year = {1997}, pages = {329--335}, doi = {10.1007/bf01570813} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Procéduralisation et indécidabilité JO - International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique PY - 1997 SP - 329 EP - 335 DO - 10.1007/bf01570813 ER -
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Quel droit pour l'Internet ?What Law for the Internet?Benoit Frydman · Internet sous le regard du droit, Actes du colloque du 30 octobre 1997Book Chapter1997FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman analyzes the fundamental inadequacy of territorial domestic law to govern cross-border communications on the Internet. Through examples of French case law (the Gubler case, the Gigastorage case) and measures by authoritarian authorities attempting to filter information, he illustrates the practical impossibility of enforcing national legal restrictions on this network. He establishes that the decentralized architecture of the Internet and its inherently transnational character create a fundamental incompatibility with the classical model of territorialized state sovereignty and law based on local jurisdiction. The author notes in the introduction that several competing regulatory logics clash: state intervention through legislation and international cooperation, libertarian demands for total freedom of communication, and calls for self-regulation by network actors.
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« Quel droit pour l'Internet ? » in Internet sous le regard du droit, Actes du colloque du 30 octobre 1997, Bruxelles, Editions du Jeune Barreau de Bruxelles, 1997, pp. 279-316.
@incollection{frydman_nd_quel_droit_pour_internet, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Quel droit pour l'Internet ?}, booktitle = {Internet sous le regard du droit, Actes du colloque du 30 octobre 1997}, publisher = {Editions du Jeune Barreau de Bruxelles}, year = {1997}, pages = {279--316} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Quel droit pour l'Internet ? BT - Internet sous le regard du droit, Actes du colloque du 30 octobre 1997 PB - Editions du Jeune Barreau de Bruxelles PY - 1997 SP - 279 EP - 316 ER -
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Quel droit pour l'Internet ?Benoit Frydman · Internet sous le regard du droitBook Chapter1997FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman explore le défi majeur que pose l'adaptation du droit à la régulation d'Internet, réseau dont la nature transgresse les frontières des ordres juridiques nationaux traditionnels. L'article expose trois modèles concurrents de régulation : la régulation étatique par le droit interne et la coopération internationale ; la revendication de liberté totale de communication portée par les associations d'internautes et la Electronic Frontier Foundation ; et diverses formes d'autorégulation. Frydman démontre que la difficulté réside non seulement dans l'affirmation de la compétence étatique, mais surtout dans l'effectivité de l'application des règles nationales face à des communications immatérielles qui échappent à toute localisation territoriale. Les affaires Gubler et Gigastorage illustrent l'impuissance relative des États à faire respecter les interdictions de diffusion lorsque le contenu peut être hébergé en ligne. L'auteur conclut à la nécessité de dépasser l'opposition binaire entre autorité étatique et liberté absolue pour élaborer des principes de régulation respectueux tant de la spécificité de la communication numérique que des valeurs démocratiques fondamentales.
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« Quel droit pour l'Internet ? », in Internet sous le regard du droit, éd. du Jeune Barreau, 1997.
@incollection{frydman_nd_quel_droit_pour_internet_3, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Quel droit pour l'Internet ?}, booktitle = {Internet sous le regard du droit}, publisher = {éd. du Jeune Barreau}, year = {1997} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Quel droit pour l'Internet ? BT - Internet sous le regard du droit PB - éd. du Jeune Barreau PY - 1997 ER -
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Négociation ou marchandage? De l'éthique de la discussion au droit de la négociationNegotiation or Bargaining? From the Ethics of Discourse to the Law of NegotiationBenoit Frydman · Droit négocié, droit imposé ?Book Chapter1996FR
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This article by Benoit Frydman examines legal negotiation through an approach combining philosophical theory and positive law. Frydman distinguishes three contemporary theoretical models—economic analysis (bargaining), Rawls's veil of ignorance theory, and Habermas's ethics of discourse—and assesses their respective contributions to the development of a general procedure for negotiating norms. Drawing on Belgian law of obligations, he synthesises recent developments in the regulation of precontractual negotiations and proposes extending these normative frameworks beyond contract law to any negotiation involving the creation or modification of legal rules.
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« Négociation ou marchandage ? De l'éthique de la discussion au droit de la négociation », in Droit négocié, droit imposé ?, sous la direction de Ph. Gérard, F. Ost et M. van de Kerchove, Bruxelles, Publications des Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis, 1996, pp. 231-252.
@incollection{frydman_nd_negociation_ou_marchandage_ethique, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Négociation ou marchandage? De l'éthique de la discussion au droit de la négociation}, booktitle = {Droit négocié, droit imposé ?}, publisher = {Publications des Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis}, year = {1996}, pages = {231--252}, doi = {10.4000/books.pusl.18810} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Négociation ou marchandage? De l'éthique de la discussion au droit de la négociation BT - Droit négocié, droit imposé ? PB - Publications des Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis PY - 1996 SP - 231 EP - 252 DO - 10.4000/books.pusl.18810 ER -
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Y a-t-il en droit des révolutions scientifiques ?Are There Scientific Revolutions in Law?Benoit Frydman · Journal des TribunauxJournal Article1996FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman proposes to examine the history of legal thought through the concept of scientific revolution borrowed from Thomas Kuhn. The author rejects two traditional narratives - that of an immobile law constituting a bulwark against revolutions, and that of a continuous progressive evolution under the auspices of reason - and argues that law, like the natural sciences, has experienced fundamental paradigmatic ruptures. By applying the Kuhnian concepts of paradigm, normal science, and crisis, he demonstrates how the very conception of juridicity has transformed across different historical periods. The modern School of Natural Law, which breaks with the medieval scholastic model based on disputatio and casuistry, constitutes the first major example of this legal scientific revolution.
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« Y a-t-il en droit des révolutions scientifiques ? », J.T., 1996, pp. 809-813.
@article{frydman_1996_y_t_il_droit, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Y a-t-il en droit des révolutions scientifiques ?}, journal = {Journal des Tribunaux}, publisher = {LARCIER}, year = {1996}, volume = {51}, number = {5821}, pages = {809--813} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Y a-t-il en droit des révolutions scientifiques ? JO - Journal des Tribunaux PB - LARCIER PY - 1996 VL - 51 IS - 5821 SP - 809 EP - 813 ER -
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Art et techniques de la plaidoirie aujourd'huiArt and techniques of advocacy todayBenoit Frydman, C. Mécary, L. Gratiot, S. Bensimon et G. Haarscher · Berger-LevraultMonograph / Book1995FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
La plaidoirie serait-elle morte? La réponse est bien évidemment non. Elle est toujours au coeur du métier d'avocat. Pourtant, au cours des cinquante dernières années, aucun livre à la fois théorique et pratique n'a été publié pour accompagner l'avocat désireux de maîtriser et approfondir ces techniques... et aider les nouveaux venus au Barreau à l'aborder. C'est pour combler ce vide que, dans cet ouvrage résolument actuel, les auteurs - avocats et universitaires - ont donné la parole à des avocats,et magistrats, hommes et femmes expérimentés, célèbres ou jeunes dans la profession. Ils ont analysé leurs plaidoiries dans douze domaines essentiels du droit. Chaque affaire a été expliquée, commentée, critiquée, pour permettre au lecteur d'approcher de manière claire et concrète les techniques de l'éloquence judiciaire moderne. Aujourd'hui, cet ouvrage est le seul existant sur le sujet.
Cite
Art et techniques de la plaidoirie aujourd'hui, coauteur avec C. Mécary, L. Gratiot, S. Bensimon et G. Haarscher, Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1995, 432 pp. ; 2ème édition revue, Paris, Litec, Juris Classeur , Pratique professionnelle, 2004, 289 pp. ; 3ème édition (2ème chez Litec) en 2010.
@book{frydman_1995_art_techniques_plaidoirie_aujourd, author = {Frydman, Benoit and Mécary, C. and Gratiot, L. and Bensimon, S. and Haarscher, G.}, title = {Art et techniques de la plaidoirie aujourd'hui}, publisher = {Berger-Levrault}, year = {1995} }TY - BOOK AU - Frydman, Benoit AU - Mécary, C. AU - Gratiot, L. AU - Bensimon, S. AU - Haarscher, G. TI - Art et techniques de la plaidoirie aujourd'hui PB - Berger-Levrault PY - 1995 ER -
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Les formes de l'analogieThe Forms of AnalogyBenoit Frydman · Revue de la Recherche Juridique - Droit ProspectifJournal Article1995FR
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Benoit Frydman systematically analyzes the formal structures and epistemic functions of analogical reasoning in legal discourse, drawing on the rhetorical philosophy of Chaïm Perelman. He distinguishes carefully between analogy in the strict philosophical sense—understood as a homology of relations (A:B::C:D) that permits reasoning from known to unknown domains—and analogical reasoning in the properly juridical sense, which involves the extension of established legal regimes to cases deemed equivalent under some relevant aspect. The article identifies two distinct categories of juridical analogy: analogy by resemblance, which operates through metaphorical substitution within a paradigm and grounds itself in the principle that similar situations deserve equal treatment; and analogy by proximity, which operates through metonymic displacement within a syntactic sequence and lacks clear rational foundation. Frydman argues that although formal prohibition of analogy is impractical and epistemically counterproductive, its deployment in legal reasoning should nevertheless be constrained by demanding requirements of explicit justification, demonstrated pertinence, and interpretive economy that privilege arguments requiring fewer rhetorical transformations.
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« Les formes de l'analogie », in Analogie et méthodologie juridique, Cahiers de méthodologie juridique n° 10, Revue de la Recherche Juridique - Droit Prospectif, Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 1995, n° 4, pp. 1053, n° 1064.
@article{frydman_1995_formes_analogie, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les formes de l'analogie}, journal = {Revue de la Recherche Juridique - Droit Prospectif}, publisher = {Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille}, year = {1995}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {1053--1064} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les formes de l'analogie JO - Revue de la Recherche Juridique - Droit Prospectif PB - Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille PY - 1995 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 1053 EP - 1064 ER -
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Compte-rendu de l'Empire du droit de Ronald DworkinReview of Ronald Dworkin's Law's EmpireBenoit Frydman · Journal des TribunauxJournal Article1994FR
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This article presents Ronald Dworkin's theory of 'law as integrity' developed in Law's Empire, using the metaphor of the chain novel to explain judicial decision-making. Dworkin argues that judges neither mechanically apply laws nor arbitrarily create new rules, but rather cooperate in the construction of law through interpretive decisions that respect legal sources while promoting coherence and moral principles. Judicial interpretation thus combines knowledge and creation, and the right answer thesis addresses hard cases through the constraints imposed by sources and the judge's conception of the legal and political order.
Cite
Compte rendu de L'empire du droit de Ronald Dworkin, J.T., 1994, p. 795.
@article{frydman_nd_untitled_6, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Compte-rendu de l'Empire du droit de Ronald Dworkin}, journal = {Journal des Tribunaux}, year = {1994} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Compte-rendu de l'Empire du droit de Ronald Dworkin JO - Journal des Tribunaux PY - 1994 ER -
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Exégèse et Philologie : Un cas d'herméneutique comparéeExegesis and Philology: A Case of Comparative HermeneuticsBenoit Frydman · Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiquesJournal Article1994FR
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
This article highlights the remarkable methodological parallels between nineteenth-century French legal exegesis and contemporary German philology, arguing that both interpretive traditions share fundamental hermeneutic principles. Both the legal scholars commenting on the Civil Code (Demolombe, Aubry and Rau, Baudry-Lacantinerie) and the classical philologists (Schleiermacher, Wolf, Boeckh) agree on three postulates: the primacy of the authentic and certainly established text, the conviction that each text can only have a single truly unique meaning, and the interpreter's mission to reconstruct the original intention of the author or legislator.
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« Philologie et exégèse : un cas d'herméneutique comparée », R.I.E.J., 1994, n° 33, pp. 59-83.
@article{frydman_1994_exegese_philologie_cas_hermeneutique, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Exégèse et Philologie : Un cas d'herméneutique comparée}, journal = {Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiques}, year = {1994}, volume = {1994.33}, pages = {59--83}, doi = {10.3917/riej.033.0059} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Exégèse et Philologie : Un cas d'herméneutique comparée JO - Revue interdisciplinaire d'études juridiques PY - 1994 VL - 1994.33 SP - 59 EP - 83 DO - 10.3917/riej.033.0059 ER -
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Unpublished Hacia la democracia globalTowards Global DemocracyBenoit Frydman · n. p.Other Academic Workn. d.FR
Unpublished text: this work has never been published. It is available nowhere else.
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Benoit Frydman examines the complex challenge of achieving democracy on a global scale, analyzing three interdependent levels: the consolidation of state democracies in the face of globalization's transformations, regional integration in Europe, and above all, the urgent democratization of global governance structures characterized by a glaring democratic deficit. The article explores constitutional engineering approaches aimed at adapting the democratic model to the regional and planetary levels, in line with the Kantian tradition. However, Benoit Frydman acknowledges the major limitations of purely procedural reforms: global solidarity remains rare and the equitable redistribution of resources largely inadequate.
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B. FRYDMAN, « Hacia la democracia global ».
@article{frydman_nd_hacia_democracia_global, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Hacia la democracia global} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Hacia la democracia global ER -
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Unpublished Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre pour le débat informel du 25 avril 2018 relatif à la réforme de la Cour d'assisesAddress to the Justice Committee of the Chamber of Representatives for the Informal Debate of 25 April 2018 on the Reform of the Assize CourtBenoit Frydman · n. p.Report / Working Papern. d.FR
Unpublished text: this work has never been published. It is available nowhere else.
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Benoit Frydman addresses the Justice Committee of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives concerning the constitutional risks of replacing the Belgian citizen jury with a mixed criminal court by means of ordinary legislation, arguing that Article 150 of the Constitution mandates trial by jury and that a legislative amendment adopted without constitutional revision would violate the rule of law and citizens' rights of democratic participation. He warns that such a reform risks annulment by the Constitutional Court and international censure, and that it threatens freedom of the press as well as the role of the jury as the principal mechanism of citizen participation in the administration of justice. The expert underlines the political significance of the jury beyond its judicial function, and highlights the multiple institutional costs of such a legislative undertaking.
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Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre pour le débat informel du 25 avril 2018 relatif à la réforme de la Cour d'assises.
@article{frydman_2018_intervention_commission_justice_chambre, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre pour le débat informel du 25 avril 2018 relatif à la réforme de la Cour d'assises} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Intervention à la Commission de la Justice de la Chambre pour le débat informel du 25 avril 2018 relatif à la réforme de la Cour d'assises ER -
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Unpublished L'Action législative, son évaluation et sa révisionLegislative Action, Its Evaluation and Its RevisionBenoit Frydman · n. p.Other Academic Workn. d.FR
Unpublished text: this work has never been published. It is available nowhere else.
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Benoit Frydman diagnoses persistent shortcomings in the quality of modern legislation — including textual obscurity, the inability to anticipate judicial reception, uncertainty as to legislative effectiveness, and rapid obsolescence — and proposes the establishment of formal mechanisms for legislative evaluation and revision. He develops an interdisciplinary theoretical model integrating the theory of legal interpretation, action theory, cognitive science, sociology, economics, and political science in order to construct a comprehensive theory of revisable legislation. The article reconceptualises legislative communication as inherently dialogic: rather than a unilateral command issued by a sovereign legislator, it becomes a space of exchange involving legislators, judges, legal subjects, and a dedicated body responsible for legislative audit and proposals for revision.
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B. FRYDMAN, « L'Action législative, son évaluation et sa révision ».
@article{frydman_1995_action_legislative_son_evaluation, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {L'Action législative, son évaluation et sa révision} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - L'Action législative, son évaluation et sa révision ER -
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Unpublished La critique de la Souveraineté dans le Précis de droit des gens de Georges ScelleThe Critique of Sovereignty in Georges Scelle's Précis of the Law of NationsBenoit Frydman · Grandes pages du droit internationalBook Chaptern. d.FR
Unpublished text: this work has never been published. It is available nowhere else.
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Benoit Frydman analyzes the radical critique of sovereignty developed by Georges Scelle in his Précis of the Law of Nations (1932-1934), a period marked by the rise of fascism. Scelle argues that sovereignty is a fiction incompatible with the very existence of law, which alone is sovereign, and rejects any theory of limited or shared sovereignty. Frydman situates this critique first within the context of Scelle's pacifist commitment within interwar internationalist movements, and then within the sociological conception of law that he promotes, inspired notably by Gurvitch and Mauss. Scelle proposes as an alternative a global legal order or unified intersocial law, based on global solidarity and a federalist vision of social organization. This concept, invented by Scelle, has left a lasting mark on legal theory and constitutes a seminal contribution to contemporary debates on the globalization of law and transnational law.
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« La critique de la Souveraineté dans le Précis de droit des gens de Georges Scelle », in Grandes pages du droit international.
@incollection{frydman_nd_critique_souverainete_dans_precis, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La critique de la Souveraineté dans le Précis de droit des gens de Georges Scelle}, booktitle = {Grandes pages du droit international} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La critique de la Souveraineté dans le Précis de droit des gens de Georges Scelle BT - Grandes pages du droit international ER -
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Unpublished La méthode pragmatique du Professeur Van OmmeslagheProfessor Van Ommeslaghe's Pragmatic MethodBenoit Frydman · n. p.Other Academic Workn. d.FR
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This address pays tribute to the pragmatic method of Professor Pierre Van Ommeslaghe, tracing how Belgian legal pragmatism, developed notably by Henri de Page and by Van Ommeslaghe himself, rejected an abstract conception of law in favour of understanding it as a practical instrument for resolving concrete problems, with rules acquiring meaning and life through their judicial applications and their real effects. Benoit Frydman connects this Belgian pragmatic tradition to the pragmatic turn in twentieth-century philosophy, influenced in particular by American legal realism (C. S. Peirce, William James, John Dewey) and by the work of Chaim Perelman within the School of Brussels, showing that legal pragmatism shares with contemporary philosophy a rejection of abstract metaphysics in favour of an analysis of practices. The speaker concludes by advocating the continuation of this method, characteristic of the ULB, notably through legal clinics, which involve students in handling real cases before the courts.
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B. FRYDMAN, « La méthode pragmatique du Professeur Van Ommeslaghe ».
@article{frydman_2010_methode_pragmatique_professeur_van, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {La méthode pragmatique du Professeur Van Ommeslaghe} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - La méthode pragmatique du Professeur Van Ommeslaghe ER -
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Unpublished Les formes de l'intelligence politique et juridique, de l'ère moderne à l'intelligence artificielleThe Forms of Political and Legal Intelligence from the Modern Era to Artificial IntelligenceBenoit Frydman · Les formes de l'intelligenceBook Chaptern. d.FR
Unpublished text: this work has never been published. It is available nowhere else.
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman traces the historical evolution of attempts in Western legal and political thought to base decision-making and government on scientific rationality rather than arbitrariness. He demonstrates how the model of geometric justice of the 17th and 18th centuries (Grotius, Domat, Leibniz) gradually gave way to the statistical normalization of the 19th century before culminating in contemporary applications of algorithmic governance and artificial intelligence. The article examines in detail the severe risks these applications pose to the democratic rule of law and fundamental rights, particularly in critical areas such as criminal justice, social welfare, and administrative control, and concludes that only an ancient political virtue, prudence (phronesis), can prevent the disasters associated with the hasty and insufficiently tested deployment of these technologies.
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« Les formes de l'intelligence politique et juridique, de l'ère moderne à l'intelligence artificielle », in Les formes de l'intelligence, College de France.
@incollection{frydman_2025_formes_intelligence_politique_juridique, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Les formes de l'intelligence politique et juridique, de l'ère moderne à l'intelligence artificielle}, booktitle = {Les formes de l'intelligence}, publisher = {College de France} }TY - CHAP AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Les formes de l'intelligence politique et juridique, de l'ère moderne à l'intelligence artificielle BT - Les formes de l'intelligence PB - College de France ER -
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Unpublished Pourquoi les démocraties triomphent des dictaturesWhy Democracies Triumph Over DictatorshipsBenoit Frydman · n. p.Other Academic Workn. d.FR
Unpublished text: this work has never been published. It is available nowhere else.
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman explains why democracies, despite their apparent fragility, ultimately triumph over authoritarian regimes. His argument relies on a structural contrast: while dictatorships concentrate all power in the will of the supreme leader, thereby stifling initiative and innovation, democracies founded on individual and associative freedoms, free enterprise, free expression, and independent scientific research allow for the emergence of distributed and competing initiatives that generate innovation, strategic adaptation, and ingenuity. Benoit Frydman illustrates this principle through historical examples (Marathon, the defeats of Nazism and Soviet communism) and the contemporary example of Ukraine, where the democratic project and adherence to the European rule of law motivate resistance better than ethnic identities.
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B. FRYDMAN, « Pourquoi les démocraties triomphent des dictatures ».
@article{frydman_2022_pourquoi_democraties_triomphent_dictatures, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Pourquoi les démocraties triomphent des dictatures} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Pourquoi les démocraties triomphent des dictatures ER -
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Unpublished Réflexion stratégique ULB 2030 : la liberté académiqueULB 2030 Strategic Reflection: Academic FreedomBenoit Frydman · n. p.Report / Working Papern. d.FR
Unpublished text: this work has never been published. It is available nowhere else.
Written in French — title, summary and keywords translated
Benoit Frydman defends the steadfast maintenance of academic freedom at ULB in the face of contemporary pressures of intensified public controversies, drawing on the Ken Loach case and historical precedents from 1894. He advocates for a strategy of serene resistance to demands for sanctions and exclusion, grounded in the principle of free examination which remains constitutive of university identity.
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Réflexion stratégique ULB 2030 : la liberté académique.
@article{frydman_2018_reflexion_strategique_ulb_2030, author = {Frydman, Benoit}, title = {Réflexion stratégique ULB 2030 : la liberté académique} }TY - JOUR AU - Frydman, Benoit TI - Réflexion stratégique ULB 2030 : la liberté académique ER -
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